the michelangelo phenomenon Flashcards
what are the 2 theories of self comparison (comparing me to me)?
control theory of self regulation, self-discrepancy theory
what are the 2 theories of individual comparison (comparing me to others)?
social comparison theory, self evaluation maintenance model
what is the theory of group comparison (comparing my group to other groups)?
social identity approach
examines the self to assess if we are meeting our personal goals. if not > take corrective action > re-operate > re-appraise. what theory is this?
control theory of self-regulation
what are the criticisms of the control theory of self-regulation?
optimistic view > not as easy as this. doesn’t account for emotions, procrastination, individual differences etc
what are the 3 types of self in the self-discrepancy theory?
actual, ideal, ought
explain the concept of the self-discrepancy theory?
people are motivated to ensure that their actual self matches their ideal and ought self. discrepancies lead to psychological discomfort
what was found in Higgins study at reported emotions between actual vs (ideal/ought) discrepancies?
actual-ideal > dejection (sad/depressed),
actual-ought > agitation (anxious)
what is a key criticism for theories of self comparison? (hint: 3 words)
cognitive source depletion
with social comparison theory if we are really interested in accuracy of ourselves what might we do?
make comparisons in both directions (upwards, downwards)
how we maintain positive self esteem while comparing against others = which theory?
self evaluation maintenance model
how do we deal with our self esteem when someone is more successful than us?
social reflection, upward social comparison
deriving a sense of value from the accomplishments of those close to us without looking at our own achievement =
social reflection
in social identity theory what are the 2 important aspects of the self?
social and personal identity (both context dependent)
self schemas guide our behaviour but we can’t use every aspect of all of them to guide everything we do so which do we use?
most salient self schemas at the time > defined by the context we are in
what do group norms define?
collective identities
what did Turner et al find when coming up with the self-categorisation theory?
when an individuals social identity is made salient they perceive themselves more in terms of the shared group features so adhere more to group norms
theories that look at the role of other people and how they ‘shape’ the actual self or the ideal self =
interdependence theories
describes an individuals dreams and aspirations that an individual ideally wishes to acquire =
ideal self
as humans what 3 things are we motivated towards?
self assessment, self verification, self enhancement
phenomenon that is an interpersonal model of how significant others shape or hinder our pursuit of our self goals =
the michelangelo phenomenon
what are the 3 hypotheses in the Michelangelo model?
partner affirmation hypothesis, movement towards the ideal self hypothesis, well-being hypothesis
hypothesis that your partner either helps you move towards your ideal self or inhibits you from moving toward your ideal self =
partner affirmation hypothesis
what are the 2 components of partner affirmation?
partner PERCEPTUAL affirmation, partner BEHAVIOURAL affirmation
the extent to which the partner perceives the target in ways that are compatible with the targets ideal self =
partner perceptual affirmation
partner behaves in ways that support the target to achieve their ideal self (or not) =
partner behavioural affirmation
affirmation = ______ element, disaffirmation = _________ element
supportive, non-supportive
key to enabling/disabling people’s movement to achieve their ideal self and for growth striving =
partner affirmation
when a partner perceives and behaves in a way over and above how the target sees themselves e.g. positivity and praise =
partner enhancement
when a partners behaviour is congruent with how the person sees themselves as they are now (their actual self) =
partner verification
where the partner perceives and behaves towards the target in a way that reflects their own ideas as to what they partner should become (idea that the partner thinks they know best) = what phenomenon?
pygmalion phenomenon
what did Rusbult et al (2009) find that partner affirmation related to that partner disaffirmation did not?
related to personal growth and movement towards the ideal self and partner well-being
strong associations have been found between _______ partner affirmation and movements towards the ideal self
perceived
