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social 2 > self and identity > Flashcards

self and identity Flashcards

1
Q

the self is a symbolic construct reflecting what 2 things?

A

consciousness of our own identity, awareness we exist as an individual separate from other individuals

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2
Q

psychological state in which people are aware of their traits, feelings and behaviours =

A

self awareness

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3
Q

at what age have studies with the rouge test shown we become self aware?

A

around 18 months children recognised reflection as themselves

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4
Q

how is the rouge test carried out?

A

put a red spot on babies nose and place in front of mirror, 9-18months treat mirror image as another child and show no interest in spot

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5
Q

what is the neurological basis of self awareness that develops around 18 months?

A

rapid growth of spindle cells in anterior cingulate > responsible for monitoring/controlling intentional behaviour)

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6
Q

what brain area develops rapidly in 18 month olds that is the same area activated when adults are self aware?

A

anterior cingulate

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7
Q

what are the 2 different types of self awareness?

A

private and public

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8
Q

‘I’m aware of me’ > evoked when looking in the mirror/experiencing physiological arousal leading to reflection on emotional state = ______ self awareness

A

private

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9
Q

‘I know others are aware of me’ > evoked when giving a presentation, being photographed/filmed = ______ self awareness

A

public

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10
Q

the 2 different kinds of self awareness have different __________

A

consequences

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11
Q

what are the consequences of private self awareness?

A

intensified emotional response to + and - emotions, clarification of knowledge, adherence to personal standards of behaviour (true beliefs become emphasised and less susceptible to external forces)

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12
Q

what are the consequences of public self awareness?

A

can increase evaluation apprehension (overthinking about what other people are thinking), nervousness, reduced self esteem, adherence to social standards of behaviour > follow group norms even if they don’t match privately held standards

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13
Q

individual difference in chronic self awareness, extent to which an individual is chronically aware of their traits, feelings, behaviours =

A

self-consciousness

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14
Q

is self consciousness viewed as a personality trait?

A

yes

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15
Q

what are the 2 types of self-consciousness?

A

private and public

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16
Q

experience more intense emotions, act in line with personal beliefs, less likely to suffer ill health = ______ self-conscious

A

privately self conscious

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17
Q

why would someone who is privately self conscious be less likely to suffer ill health?

A

attend to physiology and notice problems earlier so more likely to seek help

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18
Q

why would someone who is privately self conscious have a greater tendency to suffer from depression and neuroticism?

A

due to overthinking on feelings of unhappiness/discomfort

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19
Q

concerned with others perceptions of them, adhere to group norm, avoid embarrassing situations, more concerned with their appearance and likely to judge others on appearance = _______ self-conscious

A

publicity

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20
Q

what is used and helpful to organise self-knowledge?

A

schemas

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21
Q

mental structures that people use to organise their knowledge about the social world around themes and subjects that influence info =

A

schemas

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22
Q

a schema or knowledge structure that reflects our perception of the self on a particular dimension =

A

self schema

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23
Q

what do self schemas include?

A

perceptions of ourselves and our experiences on this dimension

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24
Q

do people tend to have clear perceptions of themselves?

A

yes

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25
Q

some self-schemas are more important than others and there are different types of schemas ranging from?

A

self-schematic > somewhat schematic > aschematic

e.g. people are self-schematic on things that have importance to the individual and aschematic on things that aren’t

26
Q

what is our self-concept (knowledge of who we are) made up of?

A

a number of self-schemas

27
Q

content of the self, knowledge about who we are =

A

self concept

28
Q

the evaluating component of the self concept =

A

self esteem

29
Q

a persons subjective appraisal of themselves is intrinsically _______ or _______ to some degree

A

positive, negative

30
Q

what factors vary our levels of self esteem?

A

time, context, state

31
Q

there are _______ differences in self esteem that can have significant impacts on psychological functioning

A

chronic

32
Q

what has an impact on our development of self esteem?

A

parenting styles

33
Q

what are the 3 different types of parenting styles?

A

authoritative, authoritarian, permissive

34
Q

what parenting style would categorise the following? > reasoned arguments, dialogue, unrestrictive control, child as person in their own right, boundaries

A

authoritative

35
Q

what parenting style would categorise the following? > controlling, power, absolute obedience, strong punitive measures

A

authoritarian

36
Q

what parenting style would categorise the following? > total acceptance, child consulted about rules, no restrictions or boundaries, use of reason not power

A

permissive

37
Q

which parenting style is associated with the highest self esteem?

A

authoritative

38
Q

which parenting styles are associated with lower self esteem?

A

authoritarian, permissive

39
Q

children are 6-11 were found to have fairly unstable self esteem. why is this?

A

perhaps because their self concept is still developing

40
Q

what age was greatest stability found?

A

20s-mid adulthood

41
Q

by 60 self esteem stability declines. why might this be?

A

later life changes, retirement, loss

42
Q

what are the consequences of low self esteem?

A

mood regulation, dampens + feelings, feel worse after negative events, make less goals and plans to improve their mood, depression

43
Q

what were Wood et al (2003) results looking at mood regulation with low self esteem?

A

ppts with low self esteem dampen + feelings, feel worse after negative event

44
Q

what are the consequences of high self esteem?

A

narcissism, crave attention, over confident, lack empathy

45
Q

what are the 3 self-motives humans have?

A

self assessment, self verification, self enhancement

46
Q

we seek info to verify what we already believe to be true about our self concept =

A

self verification

47
Q

what 2 concepts of self enhancement are important for the Michelangelo Effect?

A

desire to seek info that allows us to see ourselves in best possible light, important because these motives guide our behaviour

48
Q

which motivation is the most important to us?

A

self enhancement

49
Q

what are the 2 strategies to enhance the PERSONAL self?

A

self affirming theory, self serving attribution bias

50
Q

we respond to threatened self esteem by publicly affirming positive aspects of the self = _______ theory

A

self-affirming

51
Q

we interpret events in a way that is favourable to our view of ourselves (success > internal, failures > external) =

A

self serving attribution bias

52
Q

what are the strategies to enhance the SOCIAL self?

A

derive + image from group memberships (as group members are motivated to hold a collectively + identity)

53
Q

what do low status group members do to enhance their social self?

A

join a higher status group. dis-identification

54
Q

social change strategies =

A

change the status of different groups,

55
Q

social creativity strategies =

A

change the dimension of comparison

56
Q

what countries show individualistic self concepts?

A

US, europe > i am a unique individual

57
Q

what countries show collectivist self concepts?

A

China, we are chinese > my family is very supportive of my family

58
Q

biculturalism =

A

individuals who simultaneously hold 2 cultural identities (original and host society identity)

59
Q

individuals alter their cultural orientation depending on the situation = what model?

A

alteration model (makes it possible to have a sense of belonging in 2 cultures)

60
Q

what are the benefits of biculturalism?

A

better problem solving strategies and interpersonal skills, higher self esteem, less experience of racial tension and interethnic conflict, higher cognitive functioning, better mental health

social 2 (14 decks)

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