self and identity

Question 1

the self is a symbolic construct reflecting what 2 things?

Answer 1

consciousness of our own identity, awareness we exist as an individual separate from other individuals

Question 2

psychological state in which people are aware of their traits, feelings and behaviours =

Answer 2

self awareness

Question 3

at what age have studies with the rouge test shown we become self aware?

Answer 3

around 18 months children recognised reflection as themselves

Question 4

how is the rouge test carried out?

Answer 4

put a red spot on babies nose and place in front of mirror, 9-18months treat mirror image as another child and show no interest in spot

Question 5

what is the neurological basis of self awareness that develops around 18 months?

Answer 5

rapid growth of spindle cells in anterior cingulate > responsible for monitoring/controlling intentional behaviour)

Question 6

what brain area develops rapidly in 18 month olds that is the same area activated when adults are self aware?

Answer 6

anterior cingulate

Question 7

what are the 2 different types of self awareness?

Answer 7

private and public

Question 8

‘I’m aware of me’ > evoked when looking in the mirror/experiencing physiological arousal leading to reflection on emotional state = ______ self awareness

Answer 8

private

Question 9

‘I know others are aware of me’ > evoked when giving a presentation, being photographed/filmed = ______ self awareness

Answer 9

public

Question 10

the 2 different kinds of self awareness have different __________

Answer 10

consequences

Question 11

what are the consequences of private self awareness?

Answer 11

intensified emotional response to + and - emotions, clarification of knowledge, adherence to personal standards of behaviour (true beliefs become emphasised and less susceptible to external forces)

Question 12

what are the consequences of public self awareness?

Answer 12

can increase evaluation apprehension (overthinking about what other people are thinking), nervousness, reduced self esteem, adherence to social standards of behaviour > follow group norms even if they don’t match privately held standards

Question 13

individual difference in chronic self awareness, extent to which an individual is chronically aware of their traits, feelings, behaviours =

Answer 13

self-consciousness

Question 14

is self consciousness viewed as a personality trait?

Answer 14

yes

Question 15

what are the 2 types of self-consciousness?

Answer 15

private and public

Question 16

experience more intense emotions, act in line with personal beliefs, less likely to suffer ill health = ______ self-conscious

Answer 16

privately self conscious

Question 17

why would someone who is privately self conscious be less likely to suffer ill health?

Answer 17

attend to physiology and notice problems earlier so more likely to seek help

Question 18

why would someone who is privately self conscious have a greater tendency to suffer from depression and neuroticism?

Answer 18

due to overthinking on feelings of unhappiness/discomfort

Question 19

concerned with others perceptions of them, adhere to group norm, avoid embarrassing situations, more concerned with their appearance and likely to judge others on appearance = _______ self-conscious

Answer 19

publicity

Question 20

what is used and helpful to organise self-knowledge?

Answer 20

schemas

Question 21

mental structures that people use to organise their knowledge about the social world around themes and subjects that influence info =

Answer 21

schemas

Question 22

a schema or knowledge structure that reflects our perception of the self on a particular dimension =

Answer 22

self schema

Question 23

what do self schemas include?

Answer 23

perceptions of ourselves and our experiences on this dimension

Question 24

do people tend to have clear perceptions of themselves?

Answer 24

yes

Question 25

some self-schemas are more important than others and there are different types of schemas ranging from?

Answer 25

self-schematic > somewhat schematic > aschematic | e.g. people are self-schematic on things that have importance to the individual and aschematic on things that aren't

Question 26

what is our self-concept (knowledge of who we are) made up of?

Answer 26

a number of self-schemas

Question 27

content of the self, knowledge about who we are =

Answer 27

self concept

Question 28

the evaluating component of the self concept =

Answer 28

self esteem

Question 29

a persons subjective appraisal of themselves is intrinsically _______ or _______ to some degree

Answer 29

positive, negative

Question 30

what factors vary our levels of self esteem?

Answer 30

time, context, state

Question 31

there are _______ differences in self esteem that can have significant impacts on psychological functioning

Answer 31

chronic

Question 32

what has an impact on our development of self esteem?

Answer 32

parenting styles

Question 33

what are the 3 different types of parenting styles?

Answer 33

authoritative, authoritarian, permissive

Question 34

what parenting style would categorise the following? > reasoned arguments, dialogue, unrestrictive control, child as person in their own right, boundaries

Answer 34

authoritative

Question 35

what parenting style would categorise the following? > controlling, power, absolute obedience, strong punitive measures

Answer 35

authoritarian

Question 36

what parenting style would categorise the following? > total acceptance, child consulted about rules, no restrictions or boundaries, use of reason not power

Answer 36

permissive

Question 37

which parenting style is associated with the highest self esteem?

Answer 37

authoritative

Question 38

which parenting styles are associated with lower self esteem?

Answer 38

authoritarian, permissive

Question 39

children are 6-11 were found to have fairly unstable self esteem. why is this?

Answer 39

perhaps because their self concept is still developing

Question 40

what age was greatest stability found?

Answer 40

20s-mid adulthood

Question 41

by 60 self esteem stability declines. why might this be?

Answer 41

later life changes, retirement, loss

Question 42

what are the consequences of low self esteem?

Answer 42

mood regulation, dampens + feelings, feel worse after negative events, make less goals and plans to improve their mood, depression

Question 43

what were Wood et al (2003) results looking at mood regulation with low self esteem?

Answer 43

ppts with low self esteem dampen + feelings, feel worse after negative event

Question 44

what are the consequences of high self esteem?

Answer 44

narcissism, crave attention, over confident, lack empathy

Question 45

what are the 3 self-motives humans have?

Answer 45

self assessment, self verification, self enhancement

Question 46

we seek info to verify what we already believe to be true about our self concept =

Answer 46

self verification

Question 47

what 2 concepts of self enhancement are important for the Michelangelo Effect?

Answer 47

desire to seek info that allows us to see ourselves in best possible light, important because these motives guide our behaviour

Question 48

which motivation is the most important to us?

Answer 48

self enhancement

Question 49

what are the 2 strategies to enhance the PERSONAL self?

Answer 49

self affirming theory, self serving attribution bias

Question 50

we respond to threatened self esteem by publicly affirming positive aspects of the self = _______ theory

Answer 50

self-affirming

Question 51

we interpret events in a way that is favourable to our view of ourselves (success > internal, failures > external) =

Answer 51

self serving attribution bias

Question 52

what are the strategies to enhance the SOCIAL self?

Answer 52

derive + image from group memberships (as group members are motivated to hold a collectively + identity)

Question 53

what do low status group members do to enhance their social self?

Answer 53

join a higher status group. dis-identification

Question 54

social change strategies =

Answer 54

change the status of different groups,

Question 55

social creativity strategies =

Answer 55

change the dimension of comparison

Question 56

what countries show individualistic self concepts?

Answer 56

US, europe > i am a unique individual

Question 57

what countries show collectivist self concepts?

Answer 57

China, we are chinese > my family is very supportive of my family

Question 58

biculturalism =

Answer 58

individuals who simultaneously hold 2 cultural identities (original and host society identity)

Question 59

individuals alter their cultural orientation depending on the situation = what model?

Answer 59

alteration model (makes it possible to have a sense of belonging in 2 cultures)

Question 60

what are the benefits of biculturalism?

Answer 60

better problem solving strategies and interpersonal skills, higher self esteem, less experience of racial tension and interethnic conflict, higher cognitive functioning, better mental health