emotions

Question 1

what does ABC stand for?

Answer 1

A = affect, B = behaviour, C = cognitions

Question 2

emotions are evolutionary adaptions =

Answer 2

Darwin

Question 3

emotions are bodily responses =

Answer 3

James-Lange

Question 4

emotions are brain responses =

Answer 4

Cannon-Bard

Question 5

emotions are biopsychosocial =

Answer 5

Schachter and singer

Question 6

emotions are evaluations of the environment =

Answer 6

Arnold

Question 7

emotions are gateways to our problems =

Answer 7

Freud

Question 8

emotions are social constructions of ourselves =

Answer 8

Goffman

Question 9

what happens if people have damage to emotion centres?

Answer 9

no gut feeling for what to do

Question 10

Describe damask’s somatic marker hypothesis

Answer 10

somatic markers = bodily reactions to emotional events, they are learnt and guide decision making.

action > led to bad outcome > unpleasant gut feeling > avoid action

Question 11

bodily changes follow directly the perception of the exciting fact, and our feeling of the same changes as they occur is the emotion = who’s definition?

Answer 11

James

Question 12

the felt tendency towards an object judged suitable or away from an object judged unsuitable, reinforced by bodily changes = who’s definition?

Answer 12

Arnold and Gasson

Question 13

organised psychophysiological reactions to news about ongoing relationships with the environment = who’s definition?

Answer 13

Lazarus

Question 14

any mental state involving evaluative relationship with environment =

Answer 14

affect

Question 15

what are the 2 subcategories of affect?

Answer 15

emotion and mood

Question 16

relatively intense, short lived, affective condition, evaluative position to object =

Answer 16

emotion

Question 17

less intense, longer lasting affective state, not directed at specific object, more diffuse and generalised evaluative process =

Answer 17

mood

Question 18

generalised evaluation of affect that is more enduring than mood =

Answer 18

affective well being

Question 19

severely impaired affective wellbeing is a feature of what?

Answer 19

affective disorders (depression, anxiety)

Question 20

what are the 3 components of emotion?

Answer 20

reaction to stimuli, appraisal, organisation of response

Question 21

what are the 2 types of model of emotion?

Answer 21

dimensional and discrete/categorical

Question 22

circumplex model of affect = ________ model

Answer 22

dimensional

Question 23

circumplex model: each emotion/mood is defined by the extent to which it involves underlying dimensions of ______ and _______

Answer 23

pleasure, activation

Question 24

at what degrees are dimensions or PA/NA independent?

Answer 24

90

Question 25

circumplex structure found in studies of?

Answer 25

facial expressions, semantic similarity, experienced affect

Question 26

discrete emotion models have a ______ approach

Answer 26

categorical

Question 27

what does the discrete emotion models propose?

Answer 27

there is a limited set of basic discrete emotions from which more complex emotions are derived

Question 28

basic emotions =

Answer 28

innate, universal, irreducible , correspond to specific neurophysiological systems

Question 29

how are compound emotions constructed?

Answer 29

constructed from 2 or more basic emotions with distinct features

Question 30

give examples of compound emotions?

Answer 30

happily surprised, happily disgusted

Question 31

what are the different ways of measuring affect?

Answer 31

self report scales, diary study, affect grid, neuroimaging, physiological measures, record facial expressions, cognitive measures, qualitative accounts, peer reports, sentiment analysis

Question 32

what is the most common method for measuring affect?

Answer 32

self report scales

Question 33

what are the disadvantages of diary studies?

Answer 33

requires self-awareness and understanding go emotion, items may not be relevant to ppts, socially desirable responses

Question 34

what are the advantages of diary studies?

Answer 34

high ecological validity, minimises memory recall problems so response less stereotyped, examines changes over time

Question 35

what dimensions does the affect grid use?

Answer 35

pleasure-displeasure, activation-sleepiness

Question 36

using physiological measures to map to specific emotions is ______

Answer 36

imprecise

Question 37

when recording facial expressions what must be overcome?

Answer 37

coding = complex, and must overcome suppression and faking emotions

Question 38

why may a multi method approach to measuring affect be needed?

Answer 38

limited convergence across methods, no gold standard measure, all types of measure relevant, choice depends on research Q

Question 39

what is the international affect picture system (IAPS)?

Answer 39

photos that have been normatively rated on dimensions of pleasure, arousal and dominance

Question 40

negative emotions expressed more strongly on ___ cheek and + emotions expressed more strongly on ____ cheek. what hypothesis is this consistent with?

Answer 40

left, right, valence hypothesis

Question 41

peoples facial activity influences their affective response = what hypothesis?

Answer 41

facial feedback hypothesis (FFH)

Question 42

what are the 2 possible mechanisms of FFH?

Answer 42

cognitive (people make inferences about what they are feeling based on their facial expression) and physiological (affective response can occur in the absence of cognitive interpretation)

Question 43

idea that we mimic other peoples expressions without realising it =

Answer 43

motor mimicry

Question 44

emotion contagion is a ______ and ______ process

Answer 44

conscious, automatic

Question 45

enables congruent emotions to spread from person to person =

Answer 45

emotion contagion

Question 46

emotion contagion occurs through what 2 types of processes?

Answer 46

reactive (occurs automatically without awareness) and inferential (occurs consciously)

Question 47

what factors influence contagion?

Answer 47

individual susceptibility and situational certainty

Question 48

people may look for cues of other peoples emotions when unsure about how to feel in certain situations =

Answer 48

situational certainty

Question 49

one individual ca affect the mood of a group = what effect?

Answer 49

the ripple effect

Question 50

affective tone in a group is when?

Answer 50

mood of individuals within a group are all similar

Question 51

emotions regulate social interactions by triggering?

Answer 51

affective reactions and inferences in observers

Question 52

the effectiveness of emotions being able to regulate social interactions depends on what?

Answer 52

information processing (motivation) and social relational factors (appropriateness of expression)

Question 53

what does sadness request? what does fear request?

Answer 53

comfort, protection

Question 54

people report about 1 emotion episode per day being shared with them = ______ sharing, people share about 75% of these = ______ sharing

Answer 54

primary, secondary

Question 55

more intense episodes of emotion are _____ likely to be shared

Answer 55

more

Question 56

what are the effects of sharing emotions?

Answer 56

doesn't reduce impact of emotion (can heighten by reactivating memory of events), strengthens social bonds, distributes knowledge about important events across a social community

Question 57

what are the 3 main types of social motivation that emotions help with?

Answer 57

attachment, affiliation, assertion

Question 58

what were the 4 most damaging behaviours found in couples talking about a conflict event (Gottman study)?

Answer 58

criticism, defensiveness, stonewalling, contempt

Question 59

which behaviour was the most toxic (Gottman)?

Answer 59

contempt > diminishes partner as does criticism

Question 60

what gives rise to our emotions?

Answer 60

affective events

Question 61

does a bad or good event have a stronger effect on how people feel?

Answer 61

bad event

Question 62

what do people prioritise when distressed?

Answer 62

immediate gratification e.g. people eat more when start to feel sad