emotions Flashcards
what does ABC stand for?
A = affect, B = behaviour, C = cognitions
emotions are evolutionary adaptions =
Darwin
emotions are bodily responses =
James-Lange
emotions are brain responses =
Cannon-Bard
emotions are biopsychosocial =
Schachter and singer
emotions are evaluations of the environment =
Arnold
emotions are gateways to our problems =
Freud
emotions are social constructions of ourselves =
Goffman
what happens if people have damage to emotion centres?
no gut feeling for what to do
Describe damask’s somatic marker hypothesis
somatic markers = bodily reactions to emotional events, they are learnt and guide decision making.
action > led to bad outcome > unpleasant gut feeling > avoid action
bodily changes follow directly the perception of the exciting fact, and our feeling of the same changes as they occur is the emotion = who’s definition?
James
the felt tendency towards an object judged suitable or away from an object judged unsuitable, reinforced by bodily changes = who’s definition?
Arnold and Gasson
organised psychophysiological reactions to news about ongoing relationships with the environment = who’s definition?
Lazarus
any mental state involving evaluative relationship with environment =
affect
what are the 2 subcategories of affect?
emotion and mood
relatively intense, short lived, affective condition, evaluative position to object =
emotion
less intense, longer lasting affective state, not directed at specific object, more diffuse and generalised evaluative process =
mood
generalised evaluation of affect that is more enduring than mood =
affective well being
severely impaired affective wellbeing is a feature of what?
affective disorders (depression, anxiety)
what are the 3 components of emotion?
reaction to stimuli, appraisal, organisation of response
what are the 2 types of model of emotion?
dimensional and discrete/categorical
circumplex model of affect = ________ model
dimensional
circumplex model: each emotion/mood is defined by the extent to which it involves underlying dimensions of ______ and _______
pleasure, activation
at what degrees are dimensions or PA/NA independent?
90
circumplex structure found in studies of?
facial expressions, semantic similarity, experienced affect
discrete emotion models have a ______ approach
categorical
what does the discrete emotion models propose?
there is a limited set of basic discrete emotions from which more complex emotions are derived
basic emotions =
innate, universal, irreducible , correspond to specific neurophysiological systems
how are compound emotions constructed?
constructed from 2 or more basic emotions with distinct features
give examples of compound emotions?
happily surprised, happily disgusted
what are the different ways of measuring affect?
self report scales, diary study, affect grid, neuroimaging, physiological measures, record facial expressions, cognitive measures, qualitative accounts, peer reports, sentiment analysis
what is the most common method for measuring affect?
self report scales
what are the disadvantages of diary studies?
requires self-awareness and understanding go emotion, items may not be relevant to ppts, socially desirable responses
what are the advantages of diary studies?
high ecological validity, minimises memory recall problems so response less stereotyped, examines changes over time
what dimensions does the affect grid use?
pleasure-displeasure, activation-sleepiness
using physiological measures to map to specific emotions is ______
imprecise
when recording facial expressions what must be overcome?
coding = complex, and must overcome suppression and faking emotions
why may a multi method approach to measuring affect be needed?
limited convergence across methods, no gold standard measure, all types of measure relevant, choice depends on research Q
what is the international affect picture system (IAPS)?
photos that have been normatively rated on dimensions of pleasure, arousal and dominance
negative emotions expressed more strongly on ___ cheek and + emotions expressed more strongly on ____ cheek. what hypothesis is this consistent with?
left, right, valence hypothesis
peoples facial activity influences their affective response = what hypothesis?
facial feedback hypothesis (FFH)
what are the 2 possible mechanisms of FFH?
cognitive (people make inferences about what they are feeling based on their facial expression) and physiological (affective response can occur in the absence of cognitive interpretation)
idea that we mimic other peoples expressions without realising it =
motor mimicry
emotion contagion is a ______ and ______ process
conscious, automatic
enables congruent emotions to spread from person to person =
emotion contagion
emotion contagion occurs through what 2 types of processes?
reactive (occurs automatically without awareness) and inferential (occurs consciously)
what factors influence contagion?
individual susceptibility and situational certainty
people may look for cues of other peoples emotions when unsure about how to feel in certain situations =
situational certainty
one individual ca affect the mood of a group = what effect?
the ripple effect
affective tone in a group is when?
mood of individuals within a group are all similar
emotions regulate social interactions by triggering?
affective reactions and inferences in observers
the effectiveness of emotions being able to regulate social interactions depends on what?
information processing (motivation) and social relational factors (appropriateness of expression)
what does sadness request? what does fear request?
comfort, protection
people report about 1 emotion episode per day being shared with them = ______ sharing, people share about 75% of these = ______ sharing
primary, secondary
more intense episodes of emotion are _____ likely to be shared
more
what are the effects of sharing emotions?
doesn’t reduce impact of emotion (can heighten by reactivating memory of events), strengthens social bonds, distributes knowledge about important events across a social community
what are the 3 main types of social motivation that emotions help with?
attachment, affiliation, assertion
what were the 4 most damaging behaviours found in couples talking about a conflict event (Gottman study)?
criticism, defensiveness, stonewalling, contempt
which behaviour was the most toxic (Gottman)?
contempt > diminishes partner as does criticism
what gives rise to our emotions?
affective events
does a bad or good event have a stronger effect on how people feel?
bad event
what do people prioritise when distressed?
immediate gratification e.g. people eat more when start to feel sad
