affiliation and friendship Flashcards
a social link formed between 2 or more individuals =
affiliation
why do we affiliate with others?
social creatures, attachment theory (predisposed to form close emotional bonds with others)
what are the psychological determinants that explain why people’s desire for affiliation varies over time?
privacy regulation theory, social affiliation model
what are the 2 principles of the privacy regulation theory?
dialectic principle, optimisation principle
there is individual variation in our desire for privacy vs. affiliation = what principle?
dialectic principle
people try to align their actual level of contact with others with the level of contact they desire to have = what principle?
optimisation principle
the theory suggests that people switch from different levels of privacy over time to regulate privacy vs. affiliation =
privacy regulation theory
we operate according to the principle of homeostasis by controlling our level of contact with others to keep it stable and close to our desired level = what model is this?
social affiliation model
what are the 2 different explanations for individual differences in affiliation?
CNS differences, culture
what did Johnson et al find about CNS differences with introverts and affiliation?
they need to stay clear of social interaction to avoid their arousal reaching uncomfortable levels
the more ________ a country was the more its members desired affiliation
individualistic
what are 2 problems with affiliation?
social anxiety and loneliness
unpleasant emotion people experience due to their concern with interpersonal evaluation =
social anxiety
give some features, behaviours and cognitions of socially anxious people
expect rejection, quicker and stronger reactions to rejection, notice negative feedback during interactions, nervous, uncomfortable
they that proposes that emotional experience is based on physiological arousal and cognitive labelling of the cause of that arousal =
the two factor theory of emotion
describe the attribution process when we are anxious and unsure why
we look to others to try to understand our physiological state
absence of contact =
loneliness
Perlman and Paplua (1998) found that ___% of americans reported they had felt lonely in the 2 weeks before sampling
25
is it poor quality or low quantity of relations that contributes to loneliness?
poor quality
what are Bercheid & Reis’ 3 main factors related to loneliness?
lonely people have certain traits, social circumstances (lonely people spend less time with women so experience less intimacy and disclosure), lonely people have certain social-cognitive tendencies
what theory describes how friendships both develop and break down?
social penetration theory
what does social penetration theory focus on?
self-disclosure
presenting info about oneself and this info can change over time in the level of intimacy and has a predictable pattern =
self-disclosure
describe social penetration theory in terms of self-disclosure
self-disclosure is paced going from superficial to more in-depth personal topics which leads to greater intimacy. during initial meetings people follow the norm of self disclosure reciprocity (match each others level of self-disclosure)
what happens with friendships if self-disclosure is too quick or too intense?
recipient may feel threatened and evaluate the disclosure negatively
when a relationship is in trouble, DEPENETRATION occurs. what does this mean?
people emotionally withdraw from the relationship by reducing at the quantity and intimacy of the info they disclose OR by increasing the intimacy of info but direct negative and harmful info at their friend
what does social penetration theory tell us about intimacy?
it is important for developing and maintaining relationships
do people from individualistic or collectivist cultures disclose more about themselves in a wider variety of contexts?
people from individualistic cultures (but may be due to different cultures having different communication styles rather than intimacy)
in what cultures is social expressiveness more valued?
western cultures
what is indicative of emotional strength and trustworthiness?
social non-expressiveness
what do females expect from friendship compared to males?
more reciprocity, communication (self disclosure/intimacy) solidarity
what do males expect more from friendship compared to females?
more agency (fitness/status)
what do male and female same sex friendships differ in despite both wanting close friendships?
intimacy and degree of physical contact
men engage in ___ physical contact with same sex friends than women
less
give an example where men in different cultures show physical contact with same sex friends
men hold hands in India as a sign of friendship
what is the explanation for gender differences in friendship?
men are socialised to conform to the norm of masculinity and particularly conform in the company of other men by avoiding emotional expression, self disclosure and physical contact in same-sex friendships
what were the results in a study that looked at reactions to a kiss on the cheek from men and women?
no difference in how appropriate women thought the kiss was coming from a man or a women, men felt kiss was less appropriate coming from a man
