affiliation and friendship

Question 1

a social link formed between 2 or more individuals =

Answer 1

affiliation

Question 2

why do we affiliate with others?

Answer 2

social creatures, attachment theory (predisposed to form close emotional bonds with others)

Question 3

what are the psychological determinants that explain why people’s desire for affiliation varies over time?

Answer 3

privacy regulation theory, social affiliation model

Question 4

what are the 2 principles of the privacy regulation theory?

Answer 4

dialectic principle, optimisation principle

Question 5

there is individual variation in our desire for privacy vs. affiliation = what principle?

Answer 5

dialectic principle

Question 6

people try to align their actual level of contact with others with the level of contact they desire to have = what principle?

Answer 6

optimisation principle

Question 7

the theory suggests that people switch from different levels of privacy over time to regulate privacy vs. affiliation =

Answer 7

privacy regulation theory

Question 8

we operate according to the principle of homeostasis by controlling our level of contact with others to keep it stable and close to our desired level = what model is this?

Answer 8

social affiliation model

Question 9

what are the 2 different explanations for individual differences in affiliation?

Answer 9

CNS differences, culture

Question 10

what did Johnson et al find about CNS differences with introverts and affiliation?

Answer 10

they need to stay clear of social interaction to avoid their arousal reaching uncomfortable levels

Question 11

the more ________ a country was the more its members desired affiliation

Answer 11

individualistic

Question 12

what are 2 problems with affiliation?

Answer 12

social anxiety and loneliness

Question 13

unpleasant emotion people experience due to their concern with interpersonal evaluation =

Answer 13

social anxiety

Question 14

give some features, behaviours and cognitions of socially anxious people

Answer 14

expect rejection, quicker and stronger reactions to rejection, notice negative feedback during interactions, nervous, uncomfortable

Question 15

they that proposes that emotional experience is based on physiological arousal and cognitive labelling of the cause of that arousal =

Answer 15

the two factor theory of emotion

Question 16

describe the attribution process when we are anxious and unsure why

Answer 16

we look to others to try to understand our physiological state

Question 17

absence of contact =

Answer 17

loneliness

Question 18

Perlman and Paplua (1998) found that ___% of americans reported they had felt lonely in the 2 weeks before sampling

Answer 18

25

Question 19

is it poor quality or low quantity of relations that contributes to loneliness?

Answer 19

poor quality

Question 20

what are Bercheid & Reis’ 3 main factors related to loneliness?

Answer 20

lonely people have certain traits, social circumstances (lonely people spend less time with women so experience less intimacy and disclosure), lonely people have certain social-cognitive tendencies

Question 21

what theory describes how friendships both develop and break down?

Answer 21

social penetration theory

Question 22

what does social penetration theory focus on?

Answer 22

self-disclosure

Question 23

presenting info about oneself and this info can change over time in the level of intimacy and has a predictable pattern =

Answer 23

self-disclosure

Question 24

describe social penetration theory in terms of self-disclosure

Answer 24

self-disclosure is paced going from superficial to more in-depth personal topics which leads to greater intimacy. during initial meetings people follow the norm of self disclosure reciprocity (match each others level of self-disclosure)

Question 25

what happens with friendships if self-disclosure is too quick or too intense?

Answer 25

recipient may feel threatened and evaluate the disclosure negatively

Question 26

when a relationship is in trouble, DEPENETRATION occurs. what does this mean?

Answer 26

people emotionally withdraw from the relationship by reducing at the quantity and intimacy of the info they disclose OR by increasing the intimacy of info but direct negative and harmful info at their friend

Question 27

what does social penetration theory tell us about intimacy?

Answer 27

it is important for developing and maintaining relationships

Question 28

do people from individualistic or collectivist cultures disclose more about themselves in a wider variety of contexts?

Answer 28

people from individualistic cultures (but may be due to different cultures having different communication styles rather than intimacy)

Question 29

in what cultures is social expressiveness more valued?

Answer 29

western cultures

Question 30

what is indicative of emotional strength and trustworthiness?

Answer 30

social non-expressiveness

Question 31

what do females expect from friendship compared to males?

Answer 31

more reciprocity, communication (self disclosure/intimacy) solidarity

Question 32

what do males expect more from friendship compared to females?

Answer 32

more agency (fitness/status)

Question 33

what do male and female same sex friendships differ in despite both wanting close friendships?

Answer 33

intimacy and degree of physical contact

Question 34

men engage in ___ physical contact with same sex friends than women

Answer 34

less

Question 35

give an example where men in different cultures show physical contact with same sex friends

Answer 35

men hold hands in India as a sign of friendship

Question 36

what is the explanation for gender differences in friendship?

Answer 36

men are socialised to conform to the norm of masculinity and particularly conform in the company of other men by avoiding emotional expression, self disclosure and physical contact in same-sex friendships

Question 37

what were the results in a study that looked at reactions to a kiss on the cheek from men and women?

Answer 37

no difference in how appropriate women thought the kiss was coming from a man or a women, men felt kiss was less appropriate coming from a man