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social 2 > applied social psychology: health > Flashcards

applied social psychology: health Flashcards

1
Q

what overall does health psychology apply knowledge about?

A

social processes and relationships influence on health, attitude and behaviour change, understand and promote health, reduce harmful and increase preventive behaviours, coping and stress, identification of causes and correlates of health, health policy formation

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2
Q

we get these diseases through our own behaviours and lifestyle choices =

A

non communicable diseases (NCDs)

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3
Q

NCDs kill more than __ million people each year worldwide

A

38

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4
Q

what are the 4 main types of NCDs?

A

CVDs, cancer, chronic respiratory diseases, diabetes

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5
Q

why are NCDs considered diseases of lifestyle?

A

because health behaviours play a key role in their development

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6
Q

what are some modifiable risk factors for NCDs that can be changed to reduce risk?

A

tobacco use, physical inactivity, unhealthy diet, harmful alcohol use

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7
Q

modifiable risk factors =

A

health behaviours that can be changed

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8
Q

cancer has a _______ factor of poor health behaviours

A

precipitable

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9
Q

health behaviours develop from a young age and depend on ______ and _______

A

environment, development

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10
Q

why do people like to maximise immediate rewards and ignore long term costs with health behaviours?

A

less tangible, pleasure principle, in the moment want to indulge to improve mood so don’t think about future costs

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11
Q

when does indulging in bad health behaviours become bad?

A

when they become habits

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12
Q

what are some health behaviours reinforced by?

A

social environment and peers (smoking and drinking)

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13
Q

what do models that look to change health behaviours focus on?

A

central role of social cognitions

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14
Q

cognitions are viewed as _________ ________ of behaviour that reduce risk of disease

A

modifiable determinants

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15
Q

what explains why people from the same background may engage in different health behaviours?

A

cognitions differ between individuals > individual differences

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16
Q

what are the 2 assumptions in the TPB?

A

decide on intentions prior to taking action, intentions are best predictors of behaviour

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17
Q

what are the 3 things intentions are predicted by?

A

attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioural control

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18
Q

what did Norman and Connor (2006) find to negatively predict binge-drinking intentions that predicted ppts binge drinking behaviour a week later in the follow up?

A

attitude, self-efficacy, perceived control (didn’t find social norms to be significant in behaviour change)

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19
Q

theory where an individual is influenced by the perception of how peers think and act =

A

social norms theory

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20
Q

how are social comparisons linked to the potential influence of social norms for changing health behaviour?

A

compare ourselves to others drinking behaviour, gives us a sense of how to evaluate our behaviour and where we stand in comparison

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21
Q

if a peer group engages in healthy behaviours then this becomes a source of ________ influence

A

normative

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22
Q

if a peer group engages in unhealthy behaviours then this becomes a source of ______ influence by comparing to the peer group

A

normative

23
Q

binge drinking is classified as having over __ units for men and over __ units for women

A

8,6

24
Q

what does binge drinking increase the risk of?

A

accidents, alcohol poisoning, violence, heart disease

25
Q

what has a strong role about beliefs and attitudes on drinking behaviour?

A

culture

26
Q

any techniques that change ________ ______ can change behaviour

A

normative beliefs

27
Q

___% of people age 18 and above smoke

A

15.1

28
Q

__% of men smoke compared to __% of women

A

17, 13.3

29
Q

smoking is highest among the age of __-__ years

A

25-34

30
Q

how many deaths does smoking account for in england?

A

81,400

31
Q

why did smoking legislation come in?

A

evidence that second hand smoke is harmful to others

32
Q

proceeding in ________ _______ leads to the protection behaviour

A

protection motivation

33
Q

what are the 2 appraisal processes that result in protection motivation?

A

threat appraisal, coping appraisal

34
Q

assessing the perceived severity of the threat and probability of being vulnerable to the threat =

A

threat appraisal

35
Q

threat appraisal is _______ and ________

A

personal, subjective

36
Q

assessing the efficacy (effectiveness) of the health behaviour for dealing with the threat and self efficacy for being able to engage in the behaviour =

A

coping appraisal

37
Q

response efficacy =

A

presented with a health behaviour that will reduce the threat

38
Q

self-efficacy =

A

whether you engage in the health behaviour > predicts motivation to protect yourself

39
Q

how is someone likely to change a health behaviour positively using the protection motivation theory?

A

perceive the threat > assess you have a vulnerability to it > have a health behaviour in mind > feel you can take on the behaviour

40
Q

how are PMT components manipulated to understand health behaviour?

A

persuasive communication e.g. fear appeals > used as a social cognition model

41
Q

how are fear appeals used?

A

to make people feel threatened by the bad behaviour in order to change these behaviours

42
Q

what are the 3 major components of fear appeals?

A

message, audience, recommended behaviour

43
Q

the message of fear appeals addresses issues that instil critical amounts of fear but the critical amount of fear is ______ to each individual

A

subjective

44
Q

who does the audience need to be targeted to?

A

those who are the most susceptible to the risk

45
Q

which component of fear appeals is the hardest part to incorporate but also the least effective when not?

A

the recommended behaviour

46
Q

why is it less effective to not include the recommended behaviour in fear appeals?

A

doesn’t activate the efficacy component so only targets threat and not coping strategy which leads to message avoided altogether

47
Q

give an example of fear appeals

A

cig packaging

48
Q

why are smoking packages so varied?

A

so there is no desensitisation

49
Q

what are some of the problems with fear appeals?

A

arousing fear can result in defensive response or denial in people most susceptible, messages if too extreme can lead to message being ignored, only work when have a efficacy message, habits are hard to break

50
Q

are fear appeals that recommend one time behaviours or repeated behaviours more effective?

A

one time behaviours

51
Q

why are fear appeals more effective for women?

A

women tend to be more prevention focused than men

52
Q

what does CAM stand for?

A

complementary and alternative medicine

53
Q

what type of model is protection motivation theory?

A

a social cognition model

social 2 (14 decks)

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