The Mezzogiorno Italy Flashcards
What is included in the region
Italian peninsula south of Rome
Sardina
Sicily
Why is it a peripheral region
Underdeveloped (only generates 25% of the country’s GDP but takes up 40% of Italy’s landmark) Harsh climate and landscape Low living standards High unemployed Low population density High outward migration of young people Poor infrastructure Over developed on primary sector Problems with illegal emigration and organised crime
Climate in region
Mediterranean (warm temperate oceanic)
Climate influenced by
Azores high (dry spells and clear skies) SiRocco wind (hot wind destroys crops)
Rainfall in region summer
20mm in July in flash flood
Drought in summer
Weather in winter
Frost is rare
500mm to 900mm Oct-March
Rain shadow provided by apennines
Soils in region
Red soils - terra Rosa, made from weathered limestone
Rich in iron oxide
Suitable for Vines
Soil erosion occurs on the slopes
Richer Soil found near volcanoes and on river flood plains
Relief in the region
85% of region is mountainous or upland
Drainage in region
Combination of little rainfall and limestone bedrock means there is little surface water
Main rivers are Brandano and Volturno
High summer temp reduce amount of water in river
Tectonic activity in the region
Located on boundary between African and Eurasian plate
Small earthquakes and tremors occur daily
Deadliest; 1908, 7.0 mag, 72,000 dead
Volcanoes too
Describe agriculture in region
Unproductive Low productivity Low Mechanisation Low income (50% lower than Eu average) Dependent on government grants
Types of agriculture in region
Livestock (sheep and goats) Trees (lemon, orange, limes) and vines (figs, pears) Olive trees (perfectly resistant to drought, Italy 2nd biggest producer of olive trees in world) Winger what (grown in reclaimed marsh in winter. Much processed into pasta)
Physical factors affecting agriculture
Relief: 85% is mountainous, unproductive soil on slopes, olive trees suited to upland areas, rough grazing of animals on slopes
Climate: frequent drought, hot, dry , winds damage crops, crops mist be irrigated
Most farming occurs in milder winter weather
Human factors affecting agriculture
In past labourers had small plots of land that they rented. Had to pay up to 69% of profit. Small unproductive farms
Casa per il Mezzogiorno Scheme. Spent €14 billion on agriculture. Gave land to farmers for more profitable farming. Irrigation schemes were developed
Positive of Cassa scheme
Cooperates were formed to help farmers sell goods to the north and EU markets
Swamps were drained and reclaimed for farming
Increase in technology and machinery on larger farms
Negatives of Cassa scheme
Lowland areas benefitted the most and upland areas were unaffected
Seasonal farming
Irrigation is expensive
Forestry in region
Mixed deciduous and evergreens
Suited to drought and high temperature
Climate doesn’t allow growth of dense forests
Where forest has been cleared soil erosion increases
Fishing in region
Anchovy, tuna and sardines
Coastal town include Bari, Naples
Much of fish is supplied to tourist markets along coast
High salt content in sea reduces plankton so not as many fish can live
Percentage of region employed in secondary sector
25%
Where in Italy does most manufacturing occur
North
What are the factors hindering development of manufacturing in the Mezzogiorno
Lack of natural sources eg oil, coal, gas and even water
Industry would have had to import raw materials
Not much HEP or solar panels (expensive, lack of water)
Peripheral location
Southern tip is 1100km away from capital
Upland region, had bad roads and infrastructure
Limited labour force as people move away or else don’t go to university
Autostrada built in what year
1964
Centres of economic activity in Mezzogiorno
Taranto
Bari
Brindisi
Naples
Industrial employment tripled in region due to Cassa scheme
What number did it triple to
1.4 million
Aim of vanoni plan
Make región more attractive to mncs
What was involved in vanoni plan
Autostrada del sol completed New industrial estates built Funds to train and upskill workers New airport built in Calabria 60% of money was invested in renovation of ports
Types of industry that located in Mezzogiorno
Why
Heavy, oil refining and steelworks (shipbuilding)
Coastal location with deep water ports
Electronics and engineering located where educated workforce were eg Fiat in Melfi employs 8,000
Etna Valley Sicily, modern industries, 200 firms there
Problems in secondary sector
Steelworks costed a lot of money to build but don’t generate many jobs because machinery is used
Outward migration of young people
Coastal areas attracted more industries so mountainous are still underdeveloped
Unemployment is 22%.
People who remain are uneducated. 25% of children don’t go to secondary school. They get involved with crime
Percentage of population working in tertiary
67%
Visitors per year to Mezzogiorno
13million
6 million international
Why do only 13% of tourists travelling to italy go to The Mezzogiorno
Peripheral
Why are tourist attracted
Climate (25° summer) Beach (800km of coastline), scenic Skiing in Apennines Volcanic mountains eg Vesuvius (2.5 million tourist a year) History eg Pompeii Culture eg food, mafia
Problems with tourism
Seasonal
Coastal damage - pollution destroying both tourist abs fishing industry
Limited water supply
Unequal development - coasts benefit more
Poor marketing
Cassa invested how much into improving transport infrastructure
2.5 billion
Largest city in Mezzogiorno
Naples
Population of Naples
1 million
Why is Naples a successful area in Mezzogiorno
Flatland
Fertile
Productive - citrus fruits and olive trees
Biggest market - centre for distribution
How come the region is ideal for a port
Bay is sheltered by two headlands lying either side of city
Close to one of the busiest shipping lanes in the world (suez canal to Gibraltar)
What city does autostrada connect to Naples A1
Milan
Transport in Naples
A1
Good rail to north
Port
Example of industyg in Naples
Steel plants in Bagnoli
Why is Naples attractive to tourist
Mt. Vesuvius Cruise ship port Naples airport Cuisine National archaeological museum
Hindering development in Naples
Crime (Camorra)
Murder rate in south x4 higher than north
Mezzogiorno makes up how much of italys landmass
40%
Mezzogiorno makes up how much of Italy’s population
35%
Density of population in Mezzogiorno
140 per km2
What stage of demographic transition model is Italy in
Stage 5 (death rate higher than birth rate)
Birth rate in Mezzogiorno
13.2 per 1000
Why are family sizes decreasing in Mezzogiorno
Women are staying in education
Unemployment for under 24 in Mezzogiorno
56%
How many migrants enter Italy illegally each year
50,000
Most funding goes into which types of town
Towns and cities on coast
Smaller mountain villages are suffering
Example of attempts to stop population decline
Sellia- tax breaks for those who look after their health, free health care services. repopulate the town
Town in Sicily- abandoned houses are free if they are renovated and lived in within 3 years
When was Naples founded
600BC Greeks
Part of Mezzogiorno that Naples is in
Campaña
Tourism in Naples
Mt Vesuvius
Cruise ship port
Airport
Culture
Are with highest population density
Campaña
Area with lowest population density
Basilicata
Where did the poeople live in the past
Mountainous villages as coasts were mosquito infested marshlands
Between 1950 and 1970 X left the region
4 million
Illegal immigration from where
Syria
Libya
Effect of illegal immigration
Strain on housing and medical services
