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Science Half-Yearly Revision 2024 > The Menstrual Cycle, Pregnancy and Birth > Flashcards

The Menstrual Cycle, Pregnancy and Birth Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 important hormones that control the menstrual cycle in females?

A
  1. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
  2. Luteinising Hormone (LH)
  3. Oestrogen
  4. Progesterone
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2
Q

What does FSH cause?

A

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) - causes a follicle to mature

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3
Q

What does LH do?

A

Luteinising Hormone (LH) - makes the egg burst out of the follicle, this is ovulation

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4
Q

What does oestrogen help do?

A

Oestrogen - lining of the uterus grows thicker

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5
Q

What does progesterone help do?

A

Progesterone - maintains the lining of the uterus, when it’s levels drop, the lining sheds

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6
Q

What happens in stage 1 of the menstrual cycle?

A

Day 1 - 4: period (menstruation), bleeding, breakdown of uterus lining

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7
Q

What happens in stage 2 of the menstrual cycle?

A

Day 4 - 14: pre-ovulation, lining starts to thicken from the ovaries

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8
Q

What happens in stage 3 of the menstrual cycle?

A

Day 14: egg released (ovulation)

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9
Q

What happens in stage 4 of the menstrual cycle?

A

Day 14 - 28: Maintaining of the lining of the uterus (post ovulation)

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10
Q

How long is a menstrual cycle typically?

A

28 days long

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11
Q

Where is oestrogen produced?

A

In the ovaries

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12
Q

Where is progesterone produced?

A

In the ovaries

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13
Q

Where is LH produced?

A

In the pituitary gland - centre of the brain

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14
Q

Where is FSH produced?

A

In the pituitary gland - centre of the brain

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15
Q

On which day does the period start in the menstrual cycle?

A

Day 1 - 5

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16
Q

What happens if an egg isn’t fertilised?

A

The lining of the uterus sheds

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17
Q

Why doesn’t a woman have a period while she’s pregnant?

A

A woman doesn’t have a period while she’s pregnant as the uterus lining is maintained

18
Q

Which days is a woman most fertile?

A

Days 6 - 17

19
Q

What day is a zygote classified a zygote?

A

Day 1

20
Q

When is a blastocyst classified as a blastocyst?

A

7 days

21
Q

When is an embryo classified as an embryo?

A

2 weeks

22
Q

When is a fetus classified as a fetus?

A

9 weeks till birth

23
Q

When is a baby classified as a baby?

A

At birth

24
Q

How long does a baby take to develop?

A

38 weeks to develop - from fertilisation to birth

25
Q

What is the baby classified as at 8 weeks?

A

The first 8 weeks, the baby is called an embryo - because all the specialised cells are developing (differentiation)

26
Q

Why is the first 8 weeks of pregnancy critical?

A

It is a critical period of development and growth for the baby. The baby can be affected by smoking, drugs or alcohol

27
Q

What does the developing embryo float in?

A

It floats in a fluid enclosed within a membrane called the amnion

28
Q

How does a blastocyst form?

A

The zygote begins to divide and travels down the fallopian tube towards the uterus. As it travels it keeps dividing until a hollow ball of cells called a blastocyst forms

29
Q

How does implantation happen?

A

Around 5 -7 days after the fertilisation, the blastocyst reaches the uterus and burrows into the uterus lining - this is known as implantation

30
Q

Does the mother’s blood mix with the embryo’s blood?

A

No

31
Q

How are food and oxygen given to the embryo?

A

Food and oxygen from the mother’s blood pass through the placenta to the embryo

32
Q

What are the 3 stages of birth?

A

Labour – Dilation of the Cervix to
10cm – around 10 hours (there’s a
big range)
Delivery – Birth of the Baby via the
vagina (expulsion) (unless C-section,
then through the abdomen)
Placental Delivery – the afterbirth

33
Q

What are the dates of the 3 trimesters in pregnancy?

A

1st Trimester – up to 12 weeks

2nd Trimester – 13-27 weeks

3rd Trimester – 28-40 weeks

34
Q

What is the gestational period?

A

The period during which the baby
develops in the uterus is known as
the gestation period

Note “Weeks pregnant” refers to
the time since the first day of a
woman’s last period

35
Q

What is the umbilical cord?

A

The umbilical cord joins the embryo in
its abdomen

36
Q

What is your belly button?

A

Your “belly button: is where your
umbilical cord joined you to your
mother in the uterus

37
Q

What is copulation?

A

It is a term for 2 individuals joining together for sexual reproduction (or commonly known as ‘sex’ in humans)

38
Q

What happens in sexual intercourse?

A

The penis becomes stiff and erect and it is inserted into the vagina

39
Q

What does stimulation cause?

A

Stimulation causes sperm to be squeezed out of the penis in a process called ejaculation

40
Q

What does ejaculation deposit?

A

Ejaculation deposits several hundred MILLION sperm near the cervix

41
Q

How can sperm swim?

A

Sperm can swim, propelled by their tail using the sugar in their semen as their energy source

Science Half-Yearly Revision 2024 (13 decks)

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