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Science Half-Yearly Revision 2024 > Growth and reproduction > Flashcards

Growth and reproduction Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is another name for sex cells?

A

Gametes

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2
Q

How many chromosomes are there in the human body?

A

46 (23 pairs)

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3
Q

What are the 2 types of cell division?

A

Meiosis and mitosis

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4
Q

What is growth?

A

Growth of a multicellular organism is the increase in the size of the organism. This requires an increase in the number of cells

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5
Q

What is development?

A

Development refers to the process of change in an organism that leads to maturity. This process involves cells differentiating into specialised cells (eg. skin cells, muscle cells, liver cells, stomach cells etc) and then these specialised cells increase in number to form different tissues and organs

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6
Q

What is repair?

A

Repair is the process of restoring damaged tissue to a good condition; this resolves replacing damaged cells with new cells

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7
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Mitosis is cell division for growth and repair/replacement

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8
Q

How does mitosis work?

A

The first step is for the 46 chromosomes in the parent cell to replicate (copy themselves). Then the parent cell splits into 2. Each new daughter cell will have 46 chromosomes as well (genetically identical)

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9
Q

What are sister chromatids held together by?

A

Centromere

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10
Q

What is the cell cycle?

A

cell division (cytokinesis) — growth — mitosis (nucleus divides) — back to begining

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11
Q

What are the different stages of mitosis?

A

I - interphase (this isn’t part of mitosis this is a part of growth)
P - prophase
M - metaphase
A - anaphase
T - telophase

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12
Q

What are the stages of mitosis?

A
  1. Chromosomes replicate in the parent cell
  2. Chromosomes shorten and appear as chromatids joined by a centromere
  3. The nuclear membrane disappears. The chromosomes line up at the cells equator
  4. The chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles by spindle fibres
  5. The nuclear membrane forms around each group of chromatids and the cytoplasm divides
  6. 2 daughter cells are formed
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13
Q

What is reproduction?

A

Formation of offspring - can be asexual or sexual

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14
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

A

It is when cells divide to make identical copies of themselves (mitosis). Asexual reproduction involves only one parent as there is no ‘sex’ involved. The offspring are genetically identical to the parent as they are clones

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15
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A

It is the fusion of gametes that result in fertilisation. Sexual reproduction requires 2 parents and is slower than asexual reproduction. This results in genetic diversity (meiosis)

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16
Q

What is it called when bacteria reproduce asexually?

A

Binary fission

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17
Q

What are eukaryotic cells?

A

Genetic information held in a nucleus
eg. animals + plant cells

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18
Q

What are prokaryotic cells?

A

Genetic information that is not held in a nucleus
eg. bacterium

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19
Q

How does DNA arrange itself in eukaryotic cells?

A

DNA arranges itself as chromosomes in the nucleus of cells

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20
Q

What is a gene?

A

A section of DNA that codes for a certain characteristic

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21
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid

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22
Q

How many rounds of cell division happen in meiosis?

A

2

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23
Q

What is the purpose of mitosis?

A

To grow and repair + asexual reproduction

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24
Q

How many rounds of cell division happen in mitosis?

A

1

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25
Q

How many number of daughter cells are produced in mitosis?

A

2

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26
Q

Is there any genetic variation in mitosis?

A

No, cells produced genetically identical

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27
Q

Are mitosis cells diploid or haploid cells?

A

Diploid

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28
Q

Are meiosis cells diploid or haploid cells?

A

Haploid

29
Q

What is the purpose of meiosis?

A

Production of gametes + sexual reproduction

30
Q

How many number of daughter cells are produced in meiosis?

A

4

31
Q

Is there any genetic variation in meiosis?

A

Yes

32
Q

Where does mitosis happen?

A

It happens all over your body

33
Q

Where does meiosis happen?

A

It happens in your reproductive organs - for the males its in the testes and for the females its in the ovaries

34
Q

How does fertilisation happen?

A

Fertilisation happens when the sperm cell fertilises the egg cell therefore creating a zygote. When the sperm cell and egg cell fuse together they combine their chromosomes to get a total of 46 as both had 23 before fusion. As both egg cells and sperm cells only have 23 chromosomes they are called haploids. The zygote is a diploid cell as it contains 46 chromosomes. The zygote is a diploid will divide by mitosis to form an embryo

35
Q

What are some points about internal fertilisation?

A
  • Involves the fusion of the male and female gametes inside the female body
  • Chances of survival of the offspring are increased, therefore a small number of eggs are produced
  • eg. humans, chickens, cows
36
Q

What are some points about external fertilisation?

A
  • It involves the fusion of male and female gametes OUTSIDE the female body
  • Chances of survival of offspring are marked reduced, therefore a LARGE NUMBER of eggs are produced
  • eg. frogs, fish, starfish
37
Q

Is external fertilisation sexual or asexual reproduction?

A

Sexual

38
Q

Is internal fertilisation sexual or asexual reproduction?

A

Sexual

39
Q

Where does external fertilisation take place?

A

Outside the female body

40
Q

Where does internal fertilisation take place?

A

Inside the female body

41
Q

How many relative number of eggs are produced in external fertilisation?

A

Large

42
Q

How many relative number of eggs are produced in internal fertilisation?

A

Small

43
Q

What are some examples of external fertilisation?

A

humans, chickens, cows

44
Q

What are some examples of internal fertilisation?

A

frogs, fish, starfish

45
Q

What is budding?

A

Parent cell produces bud, it gets detached and develops into new individual
eg. yeast, hydra

46
Q

Why is asexual reproduction effective?

A

Asexual reproduction is effective if:
- They live a long way away from others of their kind
- Cannot move very far
- Live in a stable environment that doesn’t change very much

47
Q

Why is sexual reproduction effective?

A

Sexual reproduction is effective as it:
- Helps a species survive in a changing environment
- Helps with natural selection and survival of the “fittest”

48
Q

What are some advantages of asexual reproduction?

A
  • Only one parent (no mate needed, saves energy searching and courtship)
  • Rapid reproduction cycle (large number of offspring produced very quickly)
49
Q

What are some disadvantages of asexual reproduction?

A
  • Little (to none) genetic variation in the population (genetic cloned offspring)
  • Plants (offspring may be closely spaced and compete with each other for resources)
  • Species may be suitable for one habitat only
50
Q

What are some advantages of sexual reproduction?

A
  • Increased genetic variation
  • Species can adapt to new environments due to variation
  • A disease is less likely to affect us all the individuals in a population
51
Q

What are some disadvantages of sexual reproduction?

A
  • Two parents needed (takes longer/slower)
  • Costly in terms of energy for courtship, mating and birthing
52
Q

What is the oviduct?

A

Oviduct (fallopian tubes) - Tube that receives egg from ovary. Fertilisation occurs here

53
Q

What is the ovary?

A

Ovary - Produces and matures eggs (ova) and makes female sex hormones (oestrogen and progesterone)

54
Q

What is the uterus?

A

Uterus (womb) - Hollow muscular organ where the fertilised egg (now called blastocyst) implants. The baby will develop here for 38-40 weeks

55
Q

What is the cervix?

A

Cervix - Holds the fetus in the uterus. Dilates (opens) for the child birth

56
Q

What is the funnel of the oviduct?

A

Funnel of the oviduct - Found at the end of the fallopian tubes. Captures the egg and delivers it to the fallopian tubes

57
Q

What is the urethra?

A

Urethra - Passes the urine from the bladder to outside the body

58
Q

What is the function of the testes?

A

Testes - Produce sperm and the male hormone testosterone

59
Q

What is the function of the scrotum?

A

Scrotum - Pouch of skin that holds the testes away from the body (lower temperature)

60
Q

What is the function of the epididymis?

A

Epididymis - A long tube that stores sperm

61
Q

What is the function of the penis?

A

Penis - Releases the sperm

62
Q

What is the function of the erectile tissue?

A

Erectile tissue - Contracts when the male is sexually aroused

63
Q

What is the function of the seminal vesicle?

A

Seminal vesicle - Adds fluid to the sperm to produce semen

64
Q

What is the function of the prostate gland?

A

Prostate gland - Adds fluid to the sperm to produce semen (for the sperm to swim in)

65
Q

What is the function of the vas deferens (sperm duct)?

A

Vas deferens (sperm duct) - Transports the sperm from the epididymis to the urethra of the penis

66
Q

What is the function of the urethra?

A

Urethra - Passes urine from the bladder and semen to the outside of the body

67
Q

What is puberty?

A

Puberty describes the physical changes that occur during the adolescence phase of life between childhood and adulthood. Puberty is a result of hormones

68
Q

What is testosterone?

A

Male sex hormone produced in the testes

69
Q

What is oestrogen?

A

Female sex hormone produced in the ovaries

Science Half-Yearly Revision 2024 (13 decks)

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