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Body Logistics > The Lymphatic System > Flashcards

The Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

How many litres of interstitial fluid are collected by the lymphatic system each day? Where is this fluid returned?

A

3 litres (out of 20)

Returned to the venous system

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2
Q

Name 3 phagocytes

A

Macrophages, dendritic cells and neutrophils

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3
Q

What cells are present in the lymphatic system?

A

Lymphocytes (e.g. B, T and NK cells)

Supporting Cells - macrophages, follicular dendritic cells

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4
Q

In what part of the body are there no lymphatics?

A

CNS

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5
Q

How does lymph continue flowing in lymphatics? (2)

A

1) Passes through skeletal muscle, skeletal muscle contraction helps lymph to continue flowing
2) Larger lymphatics (e.g. Abdomen/thorax) contain smooth muscle, which contracts to move lymph

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6
Q

What can lymphoedema result in?

A

The presence of a static fluid can result in infections e.g. Cellulitis

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7
Q

How does cellulitis often present?

A

As redness of the skin

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8
Q

What are two examples of tissues in the lymphatic system?

A

Diffuse, MALT (mucosal associated lymphatic tissue)

Lymphatic nodules

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9
Q

What are two types of MALT?

A

GALT AND BALT

Gut and bronchus respectively

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10
Q

What are some examples of lymphatic nodules?

A

Tonsils, Peyer’s Patches, the vermiform appendix

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11
Q

What are the 3 organs of the lymphatic system?

A

Spleen, thymus and lymph nodes

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12
Q

What prevents the movement of essential bacteria out of the colon?

A

Valves

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13
Q

What is the function of lymph nodes?

A

To act as filters for the lymph

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14
Q

Where do afferent lymphatics enter the lymph node?

A

Via the convex surface

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15
Q

Where do efferent lymphatics leave the lymph nodes?

A

Via the hilum

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16
Q

Where are follicular dendritic cells found?

A

In the germinal centres of lymph follicles

17
Q

What do follicular dendritic cells result in? How?

A

The proliferation of B cells, particularly memory B cells.

Through the adhering of antigen-antibody complexes to their processes, the cell retains the specific antigen for months.

18
Q

Lymph nodes contain professional APCs. What are two examples of these? Which cells in particular do they prime?

A

B cells and macrophages.

Activation of T cells

19
Q

What is the first reaction of the body to an antigen?

A

An inflammatory response

20
Q

What two cells largely mediate inflammation?

A

Neutrophils

Macrophages

21
Q

What is the humoral response mediated by? What is produced as a result of the humoral response?

A

B cells.

Antibodies (b cells —-> plasma cells (produce antibodies)

22
Q

What is the cell mediated response mediated by?

A

T cells

23
Q

What do T cells require to recognise an antigen?

A

An APC

24
Q

Cell mediated immunity is important in defence against… (3)

A

Tumour cells
Transplant rejection
Viral/fungal infections

25
Q

Where do many of the macrophages, neutrophils, B and T cells exist in the lymphatic system?

A

Lymph nodes

26
Q

Where do the feeding artery and draining vein enter and leave the lymph node?

A

Via the hilum

27
Q

Where do the majority of lymphocytes enter and leave the lymph nodes?

A

Enter in the feeding artery

Leave in the efferent lymphatics

28
Q

What is the main cause of enlarged lymph nodes?

A

Germinal centres of lymph follicles fill with lymphocytes to fight infection, resulting in swelling and pain

29
Q

How do cancers metastasise to lymph nodes?

A

Via the afferent lymphatics

30
Q

What is the main function of the spleen?

A

Filters the blood in the same way that lymph nodes filter lymph

Has immune and haemapoietic functions

31
Q

Give 3 haemopoietic functions of the spleen

A

Removes damaged/old RBCs
Removes platelets
Retrieves iron from RBC haemoglobin

32
Q

Why can rupturing of the spleen result in death?

A

Has a rich blood supply, relatively fragile —> can result in death through extreme blood loss (exsanguination)

33
Q

What is the process of removing the spleen called?

A

Splenectomy

34
Q

What can take over the removal of ageing RBCs from the blood in the case of an absent spleen?

A

The liver

Bone marrow

35
Q

The risk of what increases after a splenectomy?

A

Infection
DVT
Pulmonary Embolism

36
Q

What can result in an enlarged spleen?

A

Systemic infection (e.g. Glandular fever)

37
Q

Where is the thymus located?

A

In the superior mediastinum

38
Q

The thymus turns into mostly fat by which age?

A

The late teens

39
Q

What is the main function of the thymus

A

Thymic cell education

Body Logistics (19 decks)

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