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Body Logistics > Integrating Cells Into Tissues > Flashcards

Integrating Cells Into Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

At what temperature are packed red blood cells usually stored at? How long can they be kept at this temperature for?

A

6 degrees Celsius.

42 Days.

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2
Q

What is the lateral domain?

A

Refers to the side-to-side attachment of cells to each other.

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3
Q

What are the 3 types of cell junctions? Where are cell junctions found?

A

Tight junctions, desmosomes and gap junctions.

Found between adjacent epithelial cells.

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4
Q

What is a tight junction? Give an example of where they are found.

A

Fused plasmalemma forming a seal between 2 cells (selective barrier).
Epithelium of the intestines.

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5
Q

What is a desmosome? Give an example of where they are found.

A

They further strengthen the connection between adjacent cells, through interlocking proteins. Found under/next to tight junctions.
Found between epithelial cells that need to resist stress e.g. Skin

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6
Q

What is a gap junction?

A

Allow cells to communicate effectively together. Protein channels called connexons allow messages between cells.

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7
Q

What does the basal domain refer to?

A

Refers to cells sitting on a basement membrane

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8
Q

The basement membrane is the structural site for…

A

Overlying (epithelial) Cells and underlying connective tissue.

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9
Q

What are 2 ways in which cells can be attached to the basement membrane?

A

Hemidesmosomes.

Focal Adhesions.

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10
Q

What are hemidesmosomes? Where are they found?

A

Attach cells to the basement membrane through integrins and intermediate keratin filaments.
Found in tissues subject to abrasion. Skin. Oral cavity.

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11
Q

What are focal adhesions?

A

Anchor cells to the basement membrane using integrins and intracellular actin filaments.

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12
Q

What is function of focal adhesions?

A

Help in cell movement. For example migration of epithelial cells in wound repair.

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13
Q

What are integrins?

A

Transmembrane glycoproteins used in the formation of hemidesmosomes and focal adhesions.

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14
Q

Give 2 functions of integrins.

A

Attachment of the cell to the ECM.

Signal transduction from the ECM to the cell.

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15
Q

Give 2 ways in which cells can be separated from tissues to produce a cell culture?

A

Using collagenase.

Using microdissection.

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16
Q

What are the disadvantages of using cultured cells? (3)

A

1) Cultured cells behave and look different to the same cells in tissues.
2) They demonstrate contact inhibition (stop growing once they touch each other)
3) Limited life span (senescence)

17
Q

What two processes do cells die by?

A

Apoptosis.

Necrosis.

18
Q

Define apoptosis.

A

Programmed cell death.

19
Q

What is apoptosis controlled by? Give an example of a protein that inhibits apoptosis.

A

Molecular signals.

Bcl-2 protein in the outer mitochondrial membrane.

20
Q

What are the basic steps of apoptosis once it has been initiated?

A

Catabolic processes begin (e.g enzymes digest cell components)
Cell shrinks and fragments into apoptotic bodies.
Phagocytised by adjoining cells.

21
Q

What are the 3 types of cell renewal?

A

Static
Stable
Renewing

22
Q

Give examples of cells that show static cell renewal.

A

Cardiac, CNS and skeletal muscle.

23
Q

Give examples of cells that show stable cell renewal.

A

Fibroblasts, endothelium, smooth muscle.

24
Q

Give examples of cells that show renewing cell renewal.

A

Blood, skin, gut epithelium.

25
Q

Give 2 differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

A

Prokaryotes have no nucleus or mitochondria.

26
Q

What is the relationship between a mitochondrion and the eukaryotic cell believed to be an example of?

A

Endosymbiosis.

27
Q

How is mitochondrial DNA inherited?

A

Maternally.

28
Q

What are the 4 basic types of tissue?

A

Connective
Epithelial
Muscle
Nervous

29
Q

What sorts of places is epithelial tissue found?

A

Covering the exterior body surface.
Lining internal cavities.
Forms the secretory portion of glands (ducts).

30
Q

What is an epitheloid? Give an example.

A

Epithelial cells that do not have a free surface.

Islets of Langerhans.

31
Q

Do most epithelial cells have a free surface and exhibit polarity?

A

Yes

32
Q

What are 3 examples of structures found at the apical domain of epithelial tissue?

A

Microvilli
Sterovilli
Cilia

33
Q

What are microvilli? Where are they found?

A

Cytoplasmic processes extending from the cell surface.

Intestine.

34
Q

What are stereovilli? What 2 places are they found?

A

Long microvilli.

Testes and sensory hair cells in the ear.

35
Q

What are Cilia? Where are they found?

A

Cytoplasmic processes that can beat in synchrony.

Tracheabronchial tree.

Body Logistics (19 decks)

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