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Body Logistics > Epithelia, Skin & Exocrine Glands > Flashcards

Epithelia, Skin & Exocrine Glands Flashcards

1
Q

What are two proteins found in the skin?

A

Keratin

Melanin

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2
Q

What is melanin?

A

A dark coloured light sensitive pigment protecting against excessive amounts of UV radiation.

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3
Q

What endocrine function does the skin carry out?

A

Vitamin D

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4
Q

What causes psoriasis? What does psoriasis result in? Particularly in which layers of the epidermis?

A

Increased production of skin cells. Red, flaky patches of skin. Stratum corneum

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5
Q

Which individuals are more at risk of vitamin D deficiency?

A

Dark skinned individuals

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6
Q

Vitamin D is produced in which reaction in the skin?

A

Reaction of 7-dehydrocholesterolwith UVb radiation

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7
Q

What can vitamin D deficiency result in?

A

Rickets

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8
Q

What individuals are at a higher risk of skin cancer? What is the reason for this?

A

Caucasians - in particular albinos

They lack skin pigmentation/melanin to protect from UV radiation

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9
Q

What are two types of membranes lining parts of the body?

A

Mucous

Serous

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10
Q

What do mucous membranes line?

A

Lines certain internal tubes which open to the exterior

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11
Q

Give an example of parts of the body that are lined by mucous membranes?

A

Alimentary tract
Respiratory tract
Urinary tract

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12
Q

What makes the mucous membrane mucousal?

A

It bares mucus-secreting cells to varying degrees

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13
Q

What 2 layers does a mucous membrane generally consist of?

A 
Epithelium lining the tube
Lamina propria (connective tissue)
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14
Q

What 3rd layer of the mucous membrane exists in the alimentary tract?

A

Smooth muscle cells —> muscularis mucosae

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15
Q

What do serous membranes line?

A

Closed body cavities

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16
Q

What is the structure of a serous membrane?

A

Thin

2 parts with lubricating fluid in between
Inside layer = visceral serosa
Outside layer = parietal serosa

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17
Q

What are the layers of a serous membrane?

A

1) A simple squamous epithelium mesothelium

2) A thin layer of connective tissue

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18
Q

What part of the serous membrane secretes the watery lubricating fluid?

A

The simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium)

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19
Q

Give 3 examples of serous membranes and the organs they each envelop.

A

The peritoneum - enveloping abdominal organs
The pleural sacs - enveloping the lungs
The pericardial sac - enveloping the heart

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20
Q

All epithelial tissue lies on top of …

A

A basement membrane and underlying connective tissue

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21
Q

What is the difference between simple and stratified epithelium?

A 
Simple = one cell layer thick 
Stratified = more than 1 cell layer thick
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22
Q

What are 4 types of simple epithelium?

A

Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
Pseudostratified

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23
Q

What are 4 types of stratified epithelium?

A

Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
Transitional

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24
Q

What does a basement membrane consist of? What are its properties?

A 
A basal lamina of type 4 collagen
Reticular fibres (type 3 collagen)

A thin, flexible and strong layer for epithelia to adhere to

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25
Q

What is endothelium?

A

Simple squamous epithelium that lines all blood vessels

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26
Q

What is a mesothelium?

A

The epithelial lining closed body cavities (found in serous membranes) e.g. The pericardial sac, pleural sac and peritoneum

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27
Q

Give three examples of where simple squamous epithelium is found?

A

Lining blood vessels (endothelium)
Lining closed cavities (mesothelium)
Pulmonary alveoli
Bowman’s capsule/loop of Henle

28
Q

Give two functions of simple squamous epithelium?

A

Lubrication

Gas exchange

29
Q

What appearance do simple cuboidal epithelial cells take?

A

A single layer of uniform cuboidal cells

30
Q

Give 3 locations of simple cuboidal epithelia in the body?

A

Lining pancreatic ducts
Lining thyroid gland follicles
Lining the collecting ducts of the kidney
Lining the surface of the ovary

31
Q

Give 2 functions of simple cuboidal epithelial cells?

A

Absorption

Hormone synthesis/storage

32
Q

What appearance do simple columnar epithelia take?

A

Taller than they are wide, column shaped - single layer

33
Q

Where is simple columnar epithelium found?

A

In virtually all the GI tract (from the oesophagus onwards)
-stomach -small intestine -colon

Lining the fallopian tube

34
Q

What are the functions of simple columnar epithelium?

A

Absorption
Secretion
Lubrication

35
Q

What appearance does pseudostratified epithelium take?

A

Every cell attached to basement membrane but nuclei lie at different heights and some cells don’t reach the lumen

36
Q

Where can pseudostratified epithelium be found in the body?

A

Lining the nasal cavity
Lining the trachea
Lining the bronchi

37
Q

Give functions of pseudostratified epithelium.

A

Absorption
Secretion of mucus
Particle trapping and removing

38
Q

In which sorts of locations is (non keratinised) stratified squamous epithelium found? Give specific examples

A

Moist areas, subject to abrasion

Lining the vagina
Lining the oesophagus
Lining the oral cavity
Surface of the cornea

39
Q

Where is keratinised stratified squamous epithelium found?

A

Epidermis - lining of skin

40
Q

What is the main cell of the epidermis? What do they secrete?

A

Keratinocytes

Keratin

41
Q

What do keratinocytes differentiate into at the outermost layers of the epidermis?

A

Corneocytes, become highly keratinised and lose nucleus

42
Q

What are the 4 layers of the skin, from the outside inwards?

A

Horny Layer (Stratum Corneum)
Granular Layer
Prickle cell layer
Basal layer

43
Q

In which layer of the skin are keratinocytes produced? By which process are they produced? What happens to these cells once they are produced?

A

Basal layer
By mitosis
Pass up through the layers

44
Q

In which layer of the epidermis do keratinocytes start differentiating into corneocytes? What happens to them?

A

Granular layer

Lose their plasma membrane, nucleus - become highly keratinised

45
Q

What are the ‘granules’ of the granular layer of the epidermis?

A

Keratohyalin granules

46
Q

What is contained within keratohyalin granules?

A 
Keratin
Enzymes to break down the phospholipid bilayer 
Fibrous proteins (e.g. Fillagrin and involucrin)
47
Q

What are the functions of fillagrin and involucrin respectively?

A

Fillagrin - aggregates keratins

Involucrin - helps forms corneocyte envelope

48
Q

What cells does the horny layer (stratum corneum) consist of?

A

Layers of flattened corneocytes

49
Q

What is the rough transit time of a keratinocyte from the basal layer to the horny layer?

A

28-40 days

50
Q

Name two cells of the epidermis (excluding keratinocytes and corneocytes)

A

Melanocytes

Langerhans cells

51
Q

What is the function of melanocytes? At which layer of the epidermis do they exist?

A

Produce melanin

Basal layer

52
Q

A dark skinned individual has more melanin, do they have more melanocytes?

A

No they have the same number

53
Q

In which layer of the epidermis do Langerhans cells exist?

A

The prickle cell layer

54
Q

What appearance does transitional epithelium take? Where is it exclusively found?

A

Surface cells vary in shape from columnar to cuboidal to flattened

Found only in urinary tract

55
Q

Define gland

A

An epithelial cell or collection of cells specialised for secretion

56
Q

Are exocrine and endocrine gland with or without ducts?

A 
Exocrine = with ducts
Endocrine = ductless
57
Q

Give an example of a unicellular exocrine gland

A

Goblet cell

58
Q

On which protein does Cystic fibrosis have its effect? What effect does this have in the respiratory tract?

A

CFTR - misfolded/not present in apical membrane of epithelial cells

Chloride ions cannot be pumped out of the cell, water can’t follow to hydrate secreted mucus —> mucus is too viscous —> pulmonary infection

59
Q

What effect can cystic fibrosis have in the gut?

A

Can result in meconiumileus in new borns (cant pass 1st faeces)
In adults, constipation

60
Q

Glands can be categorised into which 2 categories based on their physical appearance/structure?

A

Acinar (bunch of grapes —> 1 large duct)

Tubular (secretory cells line a tubule)

61
Q

What are 3 methods of secretion at glands?

A

Merocrine
Apocrine
Holocrine

62
Q

What is merocrine secretion?

A

Standard exocytosis - majority of glands

63
Q

What is apocrine secretion? Give an example.

A

Secreted droplets are covered by plasmalemma

E.g. Breast milk

64
Q

What is holocrine secretion? Give an example

A

Whole cell breaks down and becomes secretory product

Sebaceous glands of the skin

65
Q

What test can be done to confirm a diagnosis of cystic fibrosis?

A

Salty sweat test

No CFTR - so chloride ions can’t be reabsorbed, often in high levels in sweat

66
Q

What are the 3 major salivary glands? What do each of the glands largely secrete?

A

Parotid (enzymes)
Submandibular (mucus)
Sublingual (mucus)

67
Q

What effects does cystic fibrosis have outside the respiratory tract and gut?

A

Infertility - no vas deferens

Blocking of ducts in the pancreas —> inflammation (pancreatitis)

Body Logistics (19 decks)

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