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Body Logistics > The Digestive System > Flashcards

The Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Name the structures of the alimentary canal (GI tract) from mouth to anus.

A 
Mouth 
Tongue 
Pharynx
Oesophagus 
Stomach
Small intestine
Colon of large intestine
Appendix
Rectum
Anus
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2
Q

What are some accessory organs of the digestive system?

A

Salivary glands
Pancreas
Liver
Gall bladder

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3
Q

What are the 4 layers of the gut wall?

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externae
Serosa

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4
Q

What is the structure of the mucosa of the gut?

A

Epithelium
Lamina propria
Muscularis mucosae

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5
Q

What is the lamina propria?

A

Middle layer of the mucosa

Layer of connective tissue with peyer’s patches/mucosal glands

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6
Q

What is the structure of the submucosa layer of the gut wall?

A

Connective tissue with vessels, veins and glands

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7
Q

What is the structure of the muscularis externae of the gut wall?

A

2 layers of smooth muscle
Inner circular layer
Outer longitudinal layer

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8
Q

What is the structure of the serosa layer of the gut wall?

A

Serous membrane

Mesothelium + thin layer of CT

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9
Q

What is mesothelium?

A

The simple squamous epithelium found in serous membranes

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10
Q

What is the function of the muscularis externae?

A

Contracts to create successive peristaltic waves - moving contents of lumen along the gut

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11
Q

What is digestion?

A

The conversion of what we eat into a solution from which we absorb our nutrients

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12
Q

What are some functions of the GI tract?

A 
Provides a port of entry for food into the body 
Mechanical disruption of the food
Chemical digestion of the food
Kills pathogens in the food
Nutrients absorbed
Waste eliminated
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13
Q

What enzymes does saliva contain, what are the functions of these?

A

Amylase, lipase - to begin chemical digestion of the food

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14
Q

What are the bacteriostatic features of saliva?

A

Contains IgA

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15
Q

Where is IgA secreted?

A

Throughout the GI tract

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16
Q

What are some features of saliva?

A 
High in calcium (protecting the teeth)
Bacteriostatic (IgA)
Contains digestive enzymes
Alkaline
Assists in swallowing
Protects the mouth
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17
Q

What is a bolus?

A

Circular mass of food

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18
Q

Where does the bolus move once it has been formed in the mouth?

A

Oesophagus

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19
Q

What muscle is present in the oesophagus?

A 
Upper end (voluntary) - contains skeletal muscle
Lower end (involuntary) - contains smooth muscle
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20
Q

What is the structure of the wall of the oesophagus?

A

Same as normal gut wall layer but NO serosa –> adventitia (connective tissue) instead

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21
Q

Why does the oesophagus not contain serosa in its wall?

A

It is not surrounded by a serous membrane and is outside the peritoneum

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22
Q

What innervation is found in the walls of the gut?

A 
Submucosal plexus (found between submucosa and muscle)
Myentric plexus (found between external layers of muscle)
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23
Q

How is food physically disrupted in the stomach?

A

By churning

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24
Q

How is food chemically disrupted in the stomach?

A

Digestion by HCl and pepsin (enzyme)

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25
Q

In what way does the stomach contract?

A

Rhythmically

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26
Q

What epithelium is found in the oesophagus?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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27
Q

What does the stomach produce that passes to the duodenum of the small intestine?

A

Hypertonic chyme

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28
Q

What is chyme?

A

Produced in the stomach, partially digested food and gastric juices that pass to the duodenum

29
Q

What epithelium is found in the GI tract (excluding the oesophagus)?

A

Simple columnar

30
Q

What does the mucosa secrete in the stomach?

A

Acid, enzymes and the hormone GASTRIN

31
Q

What is the structure of the wall of the stomach?

A

Same as usual with its 4 layers EXCEPT

Muscularis externae contains 3 layers of smooth muscle
Oblique, circular and longitudinal

32
Q

What are rugae? Where do they exist?

A

Folds of mucosa forming ridges

In the stomach

33
Q

Where are surface mucous cells found? What is their function?

A

In the gastric pits in the stomach

Secretes mucus in response to distension

34
Q

What are some features of mucus?

A

Is resistant to pepsin

Contains HCO3- which neutralises the H+ protecting the stomach lining

35
Q

What sort of cell renewal do surface mucous cells show?

A

Quickly divide by mitosis if damaged by aspirin/alcohol

36
Q

What is the position and shape of the duodenum in the body?

A

Start of the small intestine
C shaped
Curved around the head of the pancreas

37
Q

Which organs does the duodenum connect with?

A

Pancreas

Liver

38
Q

What structure secretes mucus in the duodenum?

A

Brunner’s glands

39
Q

What mixture does the duodenum receive from the stomach?

A

Acid chyme

40
Q

What is the function of the duodenum?

A

To neutralise and dilute the chyme

41
Q

What does the duodenum receive from the pancreas?

A

Pancreatic juices

42
Q

What does the duodenum receive from the liver?

A

Bile (via the gallbladder)

43
Q

How is chyme neutralised in the duodenum?

A

Bile is alkali

Alkali secretions from the pancreas/liver

44
Q

How is chyme diluted in the duodenum?

A

Water drawn in from extracellular fluid

45
Q

The pancreas, liver and intestine secrete specific _____ to complete digestion of chyme

A

Enzymes

46
Q

What does absorption of nutrients from solution require?

A

Large surface area
Adequate contact time
Energy - is an active process
Good blood supply/drainage

47
Q

What is the surface area found in the small intestine?

A

Very large due to folding

48
Q

What is the structure of the jejunal wall?

A

Same + mucosa contains microvilli

49
Q

What are pilcae circulares?

A

Long extensions of the mucosa/villi found in the jejunum

50
Q

What parts does the small intestine consist of?

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

51
Q

What nutrients does the duodenum absorb?

A

Iron

52
Q

What nutrients does the jejunum absorb?

A

Sugars, amino acids and fatty acids

53
Q

What nutrients does the ileum absorb?

A

Vitamin B12, bile acids and remaining nutrients

54
Q

By the time the contents of the small intestine pass to the colon of the large intestine, what has been absorbed and what still needs to be absorbed?

A

Nutrients have been absorbed

Water needs to be absorbed

55
Q

What are the different parts of the large intestine?

A 
Caecum
Ascending colon
Transverse colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon 
Rectum
Anus
56
Q

What is the structure of the wall of the large intestine?

A

Same 4 layers as normal

Mucosa form numerous Krypts of Lieberkuhn

57
Q

What is absorbed in the large intestine? And by which cells?

A

Water and electrolytes

Surface epithelial cells

58
Q

What mixture exits in the lumen of the large intestine once it has passed through?

A

A semi-solid content that awaits expulsion

59
Q

Where is most of the bacteria in the GI tract found? How is most of it lost?

A

In the colon

In faeces

60
Q

What is bacteria in the colon useful for?

A

Synthesis of vitamin K, B12, thiamine, riboflavin

Breakdown of bilirubin and bile acids

61
Q

By which 3 methods is the gut controlled?

A

Endocrine control
Paracrine control
Neural

62
Q

What is an example of paracrine control in the gut?

A

Release of histamine - controls production of acid in the stomach

Vasoactive substances affecting blood flow in the gut

63
Q

What are some examples of neural control in the gut?

A

Control of ingestion and excretion due to skeletal muscle

Autonomic nervous system controls the rest

64
Q

Generally the gut is controlled by hormones made in the _____

A

Gut

65
Q

What is the function of secretin in the gut?

A

Hormone

Promotes HCO3- secretion from duct cells of pancreas
Promotes production of bile in liver
Inhibits acid secretion by parietal cells of the stomach

66
Q

Where is cholecystokinin (CCK) produced/secreted?

A

Enteroendocrine cells of the duodenum

67
Q

What is the function of CCK in the gut?

A

Promotes bile release from gallbladder
Promotes digestive enzyme release from pancreas
Acts as a hunger suppressant

68
Q

Where is gastrin released and by which cells?

A

G cells of the stomach, pancreas and duodenum

69
Q

What is the function of gastrin?

A

Promotes production of HCl by parietal cells of the stomach

Body Logistics (19 decks)

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