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Body Logistics > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Which two ‘loops’ of the circulatory system exist?

A

Pulmonary circuit

Systemic circuit

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2
Q

What is meant by a closed cardiovascular system?

A

Blood never leaves vessels

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3
Q

The average adult has how much how much circulating blood? What does this consist of?

A

5 litres

3 litres of plasma
2 litres of red blood cells

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4
Q

Where does most of our blood lie in our blood vessels at any one time?

A

In peripheral veins (65%)

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5
Q

What is the valve between the right atrium and right ventricle called?

A

Tricuspid valve

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6
Q

What is the valve between the left atrium and left ventricle called? How many cusps does this have?

A

Mitral valve

2

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7
Q

What is the valve between the pulmonary artery and the right ventricle called?

A

Pulmonic valve

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8
Q

What is the valve between the aorta and left ventricle called?

A

Aortic valve

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9
Q

Why are the structures of the right side of the heart generally more fragile?

A

Deals with blood which is at lower pressures

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10
Q

What are the two main arteries supplying the heart? Where do they stem from?

A

Left and right coronary arteries

Stem from the aorta

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11
Q

What are end arteries? What occurs in blockage of end arteries?

A

Terminal artery supplying all or most of the blood to a part of the body

So blockage —> insufficient blood supply to tissue

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12
Q

Give two examples of end arteries? What is the only example of an absolute end artery in the body?

A

Coronary arteries
Cerebral arteries

Central artery to the retina

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13
Q

What is stenosis?

A

Narrowing of an artery

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14
Q

What is meant by collateral circulation?

A

More than 1 artery supplies blood to a particular part of the body

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15
Q

What happens at the SA node?

A

Wave of excitation results in atrial systole

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16
Q

What happens at the AV node?

A

Wave of excitation down the left and right bundle branches to the Purkinje fibres —-> ventricular systole

17
Q

Why is the wave of excitation paused at the AV node?

A

To avoid simultaneous contraction, allows all the blood to enter the ventricle

18
Q

The elasticity of arteries allows them to respond to changes in blood _____ to keep blood flowing

A

Pressure

19
Q

What is the systolic pressure?

A

Typically 120mmHg - the blood pressure in the aorta during systole

20
Q

What is the diastolic pressure?

A

Typically 70-80mmHg

21
Q

What are the 3 layers present in the walls of most blood vessels?

A

Tunica Intima - endothelium next to lumen
Tunica Media
Tunic Adventitia

22
Q

What is the difference between the tunic media found in arteries and veins?

A

Much thicker in arteries

23
Q

What is an aneurysm?

A

Dilation of a blood vessel

24
Q

What is the tunica adventitia?

A

A thin layer of fibroelastic connective tissue on the outer layer of blood vessels

25
Q

What is the thickness of the tunic media in arteries? How are the smooth muscle cells in this layer connected?

A

40 layers of smooth muscle

By gap junctions

26
Q

What are arterioles? What is the structure of its tunica media?

A

Arteries with a diameter of less than 0.1mm

Only 1-3 layers of smooth muscle in the tunica media

27
Q

What is the wall structure of capillaries?

A

A single layer of endothelium and a basement membrane

28
Q

Is there a high or low blood velocity through capillaries? Why?

A

Low - around 0.3 mm/s

Allows gas/nutrient exchange to take place

29
Q

Where are pericytes found?

A

In capillaries and venules - form a branching network on outer surface of endothelium

30
Q

What is the structure of the wall of postcapillary venules?

A

Same as capillaries (endothelium + pericytes)

31
Q

What is the wall structure of venules?

A

Endothelium + pericytes OR thin smooth muscle cells

32
Q

What do veins and venules contain to prevent the back flow of blood?

A

Valves

33
Q

What is the largest diameter blood vessel?

A

Veins

34
Q

What is the structure of the wall of a vein?

A

More connective tissue
Less muscle fibres

Tunica media = 2-3 smooth muscle cell layers

35
Q

What is the meaning of capacitance vessels?

A

Can stretch to hold more blood (or recoil to hold less) with no pressure changes

36
Q

Blood flows in which order through vessels starting with muscular arteries?

A 
Muscular arteries
Arterioles 
(Precapillary sphincters)
Capillaries
Post capillary venules
Venules
Veins
37
Q

How does blood flow in veins? (2)

A

With the help of contraction of skeletal muscle

Thoracic pump when breathing

38
Q

What is the major vein of the heart?

A

Coronary sinus

39
Q

What does failure of the calf muscle pump result in?

A

Venous hypertension —-> venous ulceration

Body Logistics (19 decks)

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