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Body Logistics > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What happens during inspiration in breathing?

A

Diaphragm contracts - moves down
Increased volume in the thoracic cavity —> pressure decreases
Intrapulmonary pressure is lower than the atmospheric pressure resulting in air moving into the lungs

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2
Q

What happens during expiration in breathing?

A

Diaphragm relaxes and moves up
Decreased volume of thoracic cavity –> increased pressure
Intrapulmonary pressure is greater than the atmospheric pressure, air moves out of lungs

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3
Q

What units are intrapulmonary/intrapleural pressures etc measured in?

A

CmH2O

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4
Q

When is there a 0cmH2O intrapulmonary pressure?

A

At the end of exhalation when atmospheric pressure = intrapulmonary pressure

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5
Q

How does the intrapleural pressure change? What is the intrapleural pressure compared to the intrapulmonary pressure?

A

It fluctuates with breathing

Is 4cmH2O less than intrapulmonary pressure (-4cmH2O)

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6
Q

What is the purpose of the pressure difference between the intrapleural and intrapulmonary spaces?

A

The pressure difference across the alveolar wall keeps the stretched lungs adherent to the the chest wall

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7
Q

What is a pneumothorax? What happens as a result?

A

Air in the pleural space

Pressure difference between intrapleural and intrapulmonary space disappears
Lung recoils and collapses

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8
Q

What is the difference between an open and closed pneumothorax?

A

Open = opening in the chest wall - atmospheric air enters pleural space

Closed = chest wall is intact, rupturing of the lung/visceral pleura —> air into pleural space

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9
Q

What is used to treat a pneumothorax? How does it work?

A

Chest drainage system

Prevents air retuning to pleural space, straw attached to a chest tube and placed under fluid
Air moves out of lungs and cant be drawn back up the straw

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10
Q

What is the role of surfactant during inspiration?

A

When alveoli expand —> surfactant molecules move further apart

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11
Q

What is the role of surfactant during expiration?

A

Surfactant molecules move together —> surface tension reduced

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12
Q

What can surfactant deficiency result in?

A

Stiff lungs and difficulty breathing

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13
Q

Why are the inferior aspects of the lungs curved upwards?

A

Sits on top of the domed diaphragm

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14
Q

Why is the right lung often seen higher on x rays?

A

Due to the liver

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15
Q

What is the lobe structure of the right and left lung?

A 
Right = 3 lobes
Left = 2 lobes
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16
Q

What happens in the conducting portions of the respiratory system?

A

Air is moved from one place to the next (no gas exchange)

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17
Q

What happens at the respiratory portions of the respiratory system?

A

Gas exchange

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18
Q

Where does the respiratory system contain mucous membranes?

A

Lining the conducting portion of the respiratory tract

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19
Q

Where are serous membranes found in the respiratory system?

A

Lining the pleural sac of each lung

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20
Q

What is the outer and inner layer of each pleural sac called? What lies between the two layers?

A

Outer = parietal serosa
Inner = visceral serosa
Lubricating fluid

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21
Q

What is a pleural effusion?

A

When there is a watery transudate present in the pleural space

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22
Q

How is fluid drained from the pleural cavity?

A

Using a wide bore needle through the 7th intercostal space under ultrasound guidance

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23
Q

Why is it important to avoid; a) the inferior border of each rib and b) anywhere below the 7th intercostal space when draining fluid from the pleural space?

A

Blood vessels and nerves pass by the inferior border of each rib

Any lower than the 7th, may penetrate the diaphragm

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24
Q

What does impingement of the right or left phrenic nerve result in?

A

Paralysis of the diaphragm

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25
Q

What does impingement of the brachial plexus result in?

A

Wasting of the muscles in the lower arm

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26
Q

What does impingement of the sympathetic trunk result in?

A

Droopy upper eyelid

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27
Q

What does impingement on the left recurrent laryngeal nerve result in?

A

Hoarse voice

28
Q

What structures form the conducting portion of the respiratory tract?

A 
Nasal cavity 
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Primary bronchi
Secondary bronchi 
Bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles
29
Q

What structures form the respiratory portion of the respiratory tract?

A

Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveoli

30
Q

Which structure of the respiratory system are found inside/outside the lungs?

A

Outside = nasal cavity to primary bronchi

Inside = secondary bronchi to alveoli

31
Q

What epithelium is found from the nasal cavity all the way through to the bronchioles?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated epithelium with goblet cells

32
Q

Where is pseudostratified ciliated epithelium with goblet cells found in the respiratory system?

A

From the nasal cavity —> bronchioles

33
Q

Which type of epithelium is found in the terminal bronchioles?

A

Simple columnar ciliated epithelium with clara cells

34
Q

What epithelium is found in the respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts?

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium with less cilia and with clara cells

35
Q

Which epithelium is found in the alveoli?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

36
Q

What are the 2 regions of the nasal cavity?

A

Olfactory regions

Non-olfactory regions

37
Q

Give a difference between the olfactory and non-olfactory regions?

A

Olfactory region contains olfactory cells and no goblet cells
Non-olfactory region contains mucous glands

38
Q

What does the larynx consist of?

A

False vocal cord
Ventricles
True vocal cord

39
Q

What is the purpose of the true vocal cord of the larynx?

A

Prevents foreign objects from reaching the lungs - lined with stratified squamous epithelium

40
Q

What protects the lumen of the trachea?

A

C-shaped hyaline cartilage ring

41
Q

What is the position of the oesophagus compared to the trachea? What muscle is associated with the trachea?

A

Oesophagus behind the trachea

Trachealis muscle

42
Q

What does the trachea divide into? Where in the body?

A

2 primary bronchi in the mid-thorax

43
Q

What are differences in histology between the trachea and primary bronchi?

A

Same histology - however the primary bronchi have complete hyaline cartilage rings and complete smooth muscle rings

44
Q

Which primary bronchus is more prone to lodging of foreign objects and why?

A

Right bronchus

More vertical path

45
Q

What is the structure of the wall of the trachea (and largely the primary bronchi)?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated epithelium —> lamina propria —> submucosa with mucous glands —> c shaped cartilage

46
Q

What happens in COPD with regards to cilia and mucus?

A

There is hypertrophy of mucousal glands and hyperplasia of goblet cells —> more mucus

And less cilia to move it

47
Q

What is the difference in structure between primary bronchi and secondary (and tertiary) bronchi?

A

Cartilage arranged as crescent shaped islands rather than full rings

48
Q

What is the typical size of a bronchiole?

A

1mm or less in diameter

49
Q

What is the structure of a bronchiole?

A

Has no cartilage or glands

50
Q

What keeps bronchioles open?

A

Alveoli due to their elasticity

51
Q

Which blood vessels supply the lungs with oxygenated blood?

A

Bronchial arteries

52
Q

What happens to bronchioles during asthma? How does this affect breathing?

A

Bronchoconstriction - walls no longer held open by alveoli

More difficulty during expiration

53
Q

When do goblet cells give way to clara cells in the respiratory tract?

A

From terminal bronchioles onwards

54
Q

What two things do clara cells produce?

A

Secretes a surfactant lipoprotein - prevents walls sticking together

Secretes clara cell protein (CC16) marker for lung damage

55
Q

What is the diameter of terminal bronchioles?

A

Less than 0.5mm

56
Q

Which parts of the respiratory tract open on to alveoli?

A

Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar duct
Alveolar sac

57
Q

What is an alveolar sac?

A

Air space into which many alveoli open

58
Q

Alveolar walls are supported by a basketwork of…

A

Elastic and reticular fibres

59
Q

What two types of cells are found in the alveolar walls? In what percentages are they found?

A

Type 1 pneumocytes (90%)

Type 2 pneumocytes (10%)

60
Q

What is the function of type 1 pneumocytes?

A

For gas exchange

61
Q

What is the function of type 2 pneumocytes?

A

Production and release of surfactant

62
Q

What other types of cells are found lining the alveolar surface (excluding type 1/2 pneumocytes)?

A

Macrophages

63
Q

What is a hallmark sign of emphysema?

A

Pursed lip breathing

64
Q

What causes emphysema?

A

Destruction of alveolar walls —> bronchioles collapse —> difficult for lungs to empty

65
Q

What is pneumonia?

A

Inflammation of the lung caused by bacteria

Lung consolidates as the alveoli fill with inflammatory cells

Body Logistics (19 decks)

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