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Body Logistics > The Endocrine System > Flashcards

The Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What two systems do body systems use to communicate with each other?

A

Endocrine system

Nervous system

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2
Q

What are the two branches of the ANS? What sort of activities does each branch control?

A

Sympathetic (fight or flight)

Parasympathetic (rest and digest)

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3
Q

What is the term for a slow heartbeat? What is the term to describe a fast heartbeat?

A

Bradycardia

Tachycardia

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4
Q

How do sympathetic nerve fibres affect blood vessels?

A

Cause constriction of of all blood vessels —> except capillaries and precapillary sphincters

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5
Q

What organs are prioritised with blood supply in a flight or fight situation?

A

Brain
Heart
Skeletal muscle

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6
Q

What is a benefit of venoconstriction in a fight or flight situation?

A

It will increase blood return to the heart

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7
Q

Where are 3 places in the body neurocrine communication is used?

A

Hypothalamus
Posterior pituitary
Adrenal medulla

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8
Q

What is neurocrine communication?

A

Secretion of substances into the blood by a neurone to other target cells

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9
Q

The thymus is a example of which sort of gland?

A

Endocrine gland

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10
Q

How does the thymus develop?

A

Full formed and functional at birth

Mostly fat by late teens

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11
Q

What is the main function of the thymus? What hormone does the thymus produce? What does this do?

A

Thymic cell education

Thymosin - promotes t cell maturation

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12
Q

What 3 different type of hormones exist? Where is the target of each at the cell?

A

Steroid hormones - cytosolic/nuclear
Peptide hormones - cell membrane
Catecholamines - cell membrane

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13
Q

What is the relevance of the hypothalamus with relation to the nervous system and endocrine system?

A

Its the point where the CNS and endocrine system communicate

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14
Q

What hormones are produced at the hypothalamus that travel to the posterior pituitary?

A

ADH and oxytocin

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15
Q

How do hormones travel from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary?

A

Via the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system

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16
Q

What is another name for the pituitary gland? Where is it located in reference to the hypothalamus? What is its structure?

A

The hypophysis

On a stalk below the hypothalamus

Two lobes - anterior and posterior

17
Q

What hormones are released by the thyroid gland? What does it do?

A

Thyroxin - controls metabolic rate

18
Q

Where are the adrenal glands located in the body? What sort of structure do they have?

A

Above each kidney

Cortex and medulla structure

19
Q

What two categories can adrenal cortical hormones be separated into?

A

Glucocorticoids

Mineralocorticoids

20
Q

What is an example of a glucocorticoid?

A

Cortisol

21
Q

What is an example of a mineralocorticoid?

A

Aldosterone

22
Q

Where is the pineal gland located in the body?

A

It is a midline structure in the brain

23
Q

What hormone does the pineal gland produce? What does it do?

A

Melatonin involved in the control of Circadian rhythm - inhibits the release of gonadotropins

24
Q

Why is the pineal gland not visible on skull X-rays?

A

Calcifies in early adulthood

25
Q

What is the difference between the ANS and somatic nervous system with regards to nerves that go from the CNS to effectors?

A

The ANS has two neurones

The somatic nervous system has one neurone from CNS to effector

26
Q

Where are the cell bodies of presynaptic neurones in the ANS?

A

In the CNS

27
Q

Where are the cell bodies of the post synaptic neurones in the ANS?

A

Peripheral ganglion

28
Q

What are chromaffin cells? Where are they found?

A

Adrenal medulla

Effectively, modified postsynaptic neurones

29
Q

What cause chromaffin cells to release their secretory products? What are the secretory products of chromaffin cells?

A

A nerve impulse from a myelinated presynaptic neurone

Adrenaline/Noradrenaline

30
Q

What types of neurotransmitter/hormone are adrenaline/noradrenaline?

A

Catecholamines

31
Q

The release of adrenaline and noradrenaline from chromaffin cells is an example of which type of secretion?

A

Neurocrine secretion

32
Q

What are some examples of the effects of adrenaline/noradrenaline?

A

Increased blood pressure
Increased blood glucose (glycogen –> glucose)
Increased breathing rate
Increased metabolic rate

Body Logistics (19 decks)

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