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Anatomy 2 > The Limbic System, Learning & Memory > Flashcards

The Limbic System, Learning & Memory Flashcards

1
Q

Telencephalic components of the limbic system.

A

cingulate gyrus, subcallosal gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus

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2
Q

Diencephalic components of the limbic system.

A

thalamic and hypothalamic nuclei

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3
Q

Cingulate gyrus

A

sexual behavior, pain/pleasure, addictive behavior

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4
Q

Subcallosal gyrus

A

emotional memory, reward/punishment (basal forebrain)

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5
Q

Parahippocampal gyrus

A

entorhinal cortex (smell memory), hippocampal formation (spatial navigation, ST-LT memory), amygdala (fear, emotional behaviors, hijacking, emotional learning)

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6
Q

Thalamic nuclei

A

sensori-motor integration (most important is anterior nucleus)

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7
Q

Hypothalamic nuclei

A

motor control of emotion

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8
Q

“The Triune Brain”

A

Breaks brain into 3 parts based on development:
Reptilian brain - brainstem and cerebellum
Paleomammillian brain - the limbic system
Neocortex - the primate/human brain

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9
Q

Major function of limbic system.

A
  • govern emotion of individual

- All functions geared toward the preservation of self and the species

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10
Q

Mammillothalamic tract

A

mammillary bodies to anterior thalamic nucleus

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11
Q

Main pathway of the limbic circuit.

A

cingulate gyrus–>hippocampus–>mammillary bodies–>anterior thalamic nucleus–>cingulate gyrus

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12
Q

Damage to the frontal lobe could result in what?

A

person could act in an inappropriate way because the prefrontal cortex might not overrule the limbic system reactions

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13
Q

Pathways from hypothalamus to prefrontal cortex.

A

Emotion is generated in the amygdala and then is sent to the prefrontal cortex in order to help you decide how to react to an emotional stimulus (i.e. laugh, cry, don’t react)

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14
Q

Amygdala and hippocampal transmitters and receptors.

A

GABA, 5-HT, Dopamine, Glutamate, Steroid hormones

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15
Q

Klüver–Bucy syndrome

A

hyperphagia, hypersexuality, hyperorality, and docility (bilateral lesions of the amygdala)

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16
Q

Clinical hallmark is loss of ability to make new memories, consolidation of short term into long term is lost.

A

Alzheimer’s disease

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17
Q

Amygdaloid Nuclear Complex

A
  • Made up of 5 sub-nuclei that all have their own neurotransmitters
  • very sensitive to steroid hormones
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18
Q

Ischemic injury to hippocampus (as a result of CVA for example) will result in what?

A

memory loss

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19
Q

Hippocampal Formation

A
  • Entorhinal complex (EC) to subiculum to CA1 to CA3 to cingulate gyrus
  • EC gets input from all cortical areas into internal capsule stria
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20
Q

Hippocampus 3 major structures:

A

subiculum, ammon’s horn, dentate nucleus

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21
Q

T/F Information travels to and from the cortex to the hippocampus.

A

true

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22
Q

Pavlov’s Experiments

A

classical conditioning

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23
Q

Lashley’s Experiments

A

Equipotentiality - No matter where the lesion was, there was a decrement to the memory of the task= memory is stored everywhere

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24
Q

Hebb’s Experiments-Systems Organization

A

“neurons that fire together, wire together”

When you use a group of neurons for a certain task, they wire together and become more efficient = practice makes perfect!

25
Q

Penfield & B. Milner’s Experiments - “Cortical homunculus” & “Mr. H.M.”

A
  • Temporal lobe ablations
  • Mapped out motor and sensory homonculi by stimulating different parts of the cortex and then asking the person what they felt
26
Q

R. F. Thompson’s Experiments- “Eye Blink Response”

A

Thompson mapped out pathway for that eye blink - found that cerebellum has a very large influence in basic reflexive pathways
So “motor learning”= some major changes going on neurologically are changes in the cerebellum

27
Q

Explicit “Conscious” Memory

A

hippocampus, temporal lobe, thalamus

28
Q

Implicit “Unconscious” Memory

A

striatum, motor cortex, cerebellum, amygdala

29
Q

Sensitization

A

ionic channels open, enhances reflex, gets stronger motor response

30
Q

Habituation

A

ionic channels closed, if you don’t use the pathways, collateral branches retract

31
Q

Types of Cortex

A

Neocortex (Isocortex) - 6 layers
Mesocortex (Paleocortex) - 5 layers
Allocortex (Archicortex) - 3 layers *oldest cortex

32
Q

Fibrous Organization (Weigart Stain)- by the axons

A 
Tangential layer- outermost 
Dysfibrous Layer
Suprastriate Layer
External band of Baillarger
Internal striate layer
Infrastriate Layer- innermost layer
33
Q

Cellular Organization (Nissl Stain)- by cell bodies; named by their stain

A 
Molecular layer
External granular layer 
External pyramidal layer 
Internal granular layer 
Internal pyramidal layer
Multiform layer
*Each layer is very distinct
34
Q

Pyramidal Cells - Layers II - VI

A

Projection Cells= one level to another level (lower to upper)
Commissural Fibers= one side of brain to another
Associations Fibers= connect one gyrus to another gyrus (short= adjacent gyri; long= one lobe to another)
- one apical dendrite, can have multiple branches
- multiple spines on the dendritic trees
- At the bases of the pyramids, there are going to be dendrites given off
- one axon that will project vertically toward the white matter

35
Q

Stellate - Layers II-VI

A
  • look like stars; are multipolar

- rounded nucleus with multiple dendrites and a single axon

36
Q

Fusiform Cells - Layers II - VI

A
  • look like spindle (wide in center, elongated on sides)
  • two major processes from each side of the cell body and may have multiple cell branches coming off of them
  • oriented in a horizontal fashion
37
Q

Horizontal Cells of Cajal - Layer I

A
  • look like fusiform cells (their processes run horizontally), but horizontal cells are only in layer 1
  • central cell body, 2 processes coming off, multiple dendritic branches
  • large cells
  • found in the most superficial lamina
38
Q

Cells of Martinotti- Layers IV-VI

A
  • unusual because their axon projects from deeper levels to more superficial levels (upward rather than downward)
  • one large cell body
  • horizontally running dendrites with axon projecting upwards to synapse in lamina I (layer 1) of the cortex
39
Q

Granule Cells - Layers II-VI

A
  • small cells, very densely packed
40
Q

Thalamus to Pyramidal Cells

A
  • major set of interactions from thalamic nucleus to pyramidal cells of cortex
    Ex: from VA and VL of thalamus, will have large connection to pyramidal cells in M1 (primary motor cortex); lateral geniculate body connected to visual cortex
41
Q

Efferent Organization

A

Corticothalamic projections
Corticostriatal projections - has major projection to basal ganglia
Corticopontine projections - has projection from cortex to pons to cerebellum
Corticobulbar projections - has projection to the bulbar nuclei (CN nuclei)
Corticospinal projections - has projection from cortex to motor neurons in spinal cord

42
Q

Afferent Organization

A

Thalamocortical Projections
Corticocortical Projections - via association fibers
Striatalcortical Projections

43
Q

Primary Motor

A

4

44
Q

Pre-Motor

A

6

45
Q

Supplemental motor

A

8

46
Q

Primary Somatosensory

A

3, 1, 2

47
Q

Somatosensory Association

A

5, 7

48
Q

Primary Auditory

A

41, 42

49
Q

Auditory Association

A

20, 22

50
Q

Multimodal Association, Language

A

39, 40

51
Q

Primary Visual

A

17 - cuneus and lingula

52
Q

Visual association

A

18, 19

53
Q

Cognitive Behavior, executive planning

A

9, 10, 11

54
Q

Limbic Association

A

23, 24, 26, 28, 38 (anterior and posterior cingulate gyrus)

55
Q

Broca’s

A

44

56
Q

Pre-Frontal Cortex

A 
Orbitofrontal Region (areas 11,45,47)
Dorsolateral Region (areas 9,10,11,44)
Pre-motor, supplemental motor (areas 6,8,9)
57
Q

Pre-frontal cortex afferent connections.

A 
Parietal lobe - sensory
Occipital lobe- Visual
Temporal-auditory, language
Thalamus, hypothalamus- emotions and mood
Basal Ganglia - Motor Activity
58
Q

Pre-frontal cortex efferent connections.

A

Hypothalamus - Emotions, autonomic Function
Thalamus - Motor Activity
Basal Ganglia-motor activity
Cerebellum - Motor Activity

59
Q

Pre-frontal lobe damage.

A

loses flexibility of behavior, poor concentration, easily distracted, sensory perceptual disorders, perseveration, memory disorders, disorders of construction, spatial orientation dysfunction, personality disorders

Anatomy 2 (23 decks)

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