Oral Cavity

Question 1

Describe the differences in keratinization of the tissues in the mouth.

Answer 1

lips-transition zone - keratinized; hard palate - parakeratinized; soft palate, floor of the mouth, lips, cheeks - nonkeratinized; transition from lips to oral cavity is called vermillion a region where you see a transition from stratified squamous keratinized to non keratinized

Question 2

What is keratinization?

Answer 2

Keratin is the key structural material making up the outer layer of human skin. If skin is exposed to environment, the developmental processes will force the skin to become keratinized. (Fun fact: Some infectious fungi, such as those that cause athlete’s foot and ringworm, feed on keratin.)

Question 3

What factors affect teeth development?

Answer 3

hormonal imbalance, force influence from diet (deciduous baby teeth are lost when your diet changes)

Question 4

How many teeth in children vs. adults?

Answer 4

children - 20 deciduous (8 incisors, 4 canine, 8 molars); adults - 32 permanent (8 incisors, 4 canines, 8 premolars, 12 molars)

Question 5

When do the medial incisors erupt in children?

Answer 5

typically 6-8 months but may not be until 12-13 months

Question 6

Explain the innervation of the teeth.

Answer 6

Associated with branches of the trigeminal nerve (V2 & V3); Maxillary Branch (upper jaw) is most important - (posterior, middle, anterior) superior alveolar branch of V2; Mandibular Branch (lower jaw) (dental, mental, incisive) inferior alveolar branch of V3 (also some from buccal branch of V3)

Question 7

Differences between the hard and soft palate.

Answer 7

Soft and hard palate come from the frontonasal prominence in embryo; Hard palate - from palatine bone coming from the maxillary prominences; Soft palate - soft tissue attached to the bone (attached to inferior and lateral maxillary processes)

Question 8

Two nerves that innervate soft palate musculature?

Answer 8

CN X and CN V

Question 9

Tensor Veli Palatini

Answer 9

tenses the wing of the soft palate; support swallowing and talking (only one innervated by CN V3)

Question 10

Levator Veli Palatini

Answer 10

elevates soft palate for swallowing, pharyngeal branch of CN X

Question 11

Palatoglossus

Answer 11

connection between tongue and soft palate, pharyngeal branch of CN X

Question 12

Palatopharyngeus

Answer 12

tenses soft palate and pulls walls of pharynx superiorly, anteriorly, and medially during swallowing, pharyngeal branch of CN X

Question 13

Musculus Uvulae

Answer 13

elevates the uvulae, pharyngeal branch of CN X

Question 14

Salpingopharyngeus

Answer 14

forms the salpingopharnygeal fold, arises from the superior border of the medial cartilage of the pharyngotympanic tube (Eustachian tube), in the nasal cavity, making the posterior welt of the torus tubarius; it passes downward and blends with the posterior fasciculus of the palatopharyngeus muscle (raises the larynx and pharynx), pharyngeal branch of CN X

Question 15

Pterygopalatine Ganglion general characteristics.

Answer 15

suspended from V2, parasympathetic preganglionic neurons feeding from the facial nerve (greater petrosal branch) synapse out as postganglionic neurons to lacrimal nerve, parasympathetic system innervation to Lacrimal glands, nasal septum mucosa, other glands; vasomotor activity of the glands is from parasympathetic and sympathetic

Question 16

Pterygopalatine Ganglion postsynaptic nerves.

Answer 16

Nasopalatine nerve - nasal mucosa and anterior hard palate; Greater Petrosal nerve - gingivae mucosa and glands of hard palate; Lesser petrosal nerve - soft palate; Nasal Cavity is asymmetrical - one side has the nasal septum usually, other side has the conchae; Turbinate area - connects turbinate to conchae (ear with nasolacrimal duct)

Question 17

Presynaptic fibers of the pterygopalatine ganglion come from ________ _______ ______, travel through either the facial nerve and/or the trigeminal nerve.

Answer 17

superior salivatory ganglion, If they go through facial they go through the geniculate ganglion but don’t synapse. Then course through the greater petrosal nerve and then reach the pterygopalatine ganglion through the vindian nerve and synapse.

Question 18

Maxillary Anesthesia - Common Nerve Block Techniques:

Answer 18

Posterior superior alveolar - Infraorbital (one of the locations dentists search for to anesthetize dental patients); Middle superior alveolar - Greater palatine; Anterior superior alveolar - Neopalatine; Used to anesthetize the pulpal tissue, corresponding alveolar bone, and gingival tissue to the maxillary 1st, 2nd, and 3rd molars. 1st, 2nd, and 3rd canine and incisors

Question 19

Three salivary glands.

Answer 19

Parotid - Largest; Submandibular - 2nd Largest; Sublingual - smallest due to restricted space to grow

Question 20

Saliva components.

Answer 20

water, glycoproteins (lysozyme, amylase), electrolytes, minerals, bicarbonates

Question 21

Saliva functions.

Answer 21

moistening, dissolving, bufferings, digeting, antibacterial, immunologic

Question 22

Two kinds of salivary gland composition tissues.

Answer 22

serous - contains more protein based product; mucous - used for parts that need lubrication

Question 23

Histology of parotid gland.

Answer 23

totally serous, high amylase secretion, IgA; branched acinar

Question 24

Histology of submandibular gland.

Answer 24

mostly serous, partially mucous; serous demilumes with lysozyme (antibacterial action); branched tubuloacinar

Question 25

Histology of sublingual gland.

Answer 25

almost completely mucous, cells forming serous demilumes secrete lysozyme; branched tubuloacinar

Question 26

The innervation of the tongue has all the pharyngeal branches represented. Name the nerves (branches).

Answer 26

innervated by lingual nerve (CN V3 - general sensory), chorda tympani (CN VII - special sensory), glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX - general and special sense), palatoglossus and internal laryngeal nerve (CN X) and hypoglossal (CN XII - general motor) nerve

Question 27

_______ _______ innervated by facial nerve (SVE) for taste.

Answer 27

lingual papillae

Question 28

__________ are usually kept the most intact in response to foods/smoking.

Answer 28

Circumvallate

Question 29

Four types of lingual papillae.

Answer 29

filiform, foliate, fungiform, circumvallate

Question 30

Which type of lingual papillae is not as sensitive to taste?

Answer 30

filiform

Question 31

Which type of lingual papillae is most numerous at apex and margins of tongue?

Answer 31

fungiform

Question 32

Geographic Tongue (Benign migratory glossitis)

Answer 32

Different textures on the tongue - surface anatomy changes as per what is eaten; Pattern forms based on what you eat or when stressed/relaxed

Question 33

Is the ability to taste affected by geographic tongue?

Answer 33

no

Question 34

Hairy Tongue (Lingua villosa nigra)

Answer 34

Fungi and bacteria can colonize on the filiform
is an acquired condition - common in adolescents; comes from not cleaning enough/properly; Color can change based on bacteria; Antibiotics and Antifungals are given; Is acquired and associated with poor hygiene

Question 35

Extrinsic muscles of the tongue.

Answer 35

genioglossus, hyoglossus, styloglossus, palatoglossus (associated with external aspect of the tongue to move it peripherally)

Question 36

Intrinsic muscles of the tongue.

Answer 36

change the surface anatomy or mucosa or papillae to amplify exposure to a particular taste (superior longitudinal, inferior longitudinal, transverse, vertical - continuous with genioglossus); where the genioglossus ends the intrinsics start

Question 37

Genioglossus

Answer 37

constitutes bulk of tongue, mandible to tongue; depresses, protrusion, retracts, “wags,” basically it does everything :p

Question 38

Hyoglossus

Answer 38

thin muscle, hyoid bone to tongue, depresses tongue

Question 39

Styloglossus

Answer 39

small muscle, styloid to tongue, retrudes and curls tongue

Question 40

Palatoglossus

Answer 40

palatine process to tongue, elevate posterior tongue, innervated by CN X vagus nerve