Lungs

Question 1

Pulmonary cavities.

Answer 1

cervical (superior portion continuation of the costal and mediastinal pleurae, confluence with pretrachea, very thin), costal (separated form rib cage by endothoracic fascia), mediastinal (covers lateral boundaries of mediastinum, “potential space,” very malleable with pressure changes), diaphragmatic (covers the superior surface of diaphragm, except the anterior innermost portion which fuses with the pericardium, thickens at base of the lungs), phrenicopleural fascia (part of the endothoracic fascia connecting the diaphragmatic pleura to the diaphragm)

Question 2

Where is the negative vacuum pressure of the lungs?

Answer 2

in the pleural cavity (space between visceral and parietal pleura)

Question 3

Visceral pleura

Answer 3

closely related to lung surface, sensitive to stretch (pulmonary plexus) but insensitive to touch and pain

Question 4

Parietal pleura

Answer 4

outermost to lungs but innermost to the chest walls surface, afferent fibers (deep touch, pressure, temp and pain) carried by intercostal (T1-T11) and phrenic nn’s, not sensitive to stretching

Question 5

Would pneumothorax increase or decrease BP?

Answer 5

increase

Question 6

The _____________ groove deepens into a diverticulum ventrally which enlarges distally into a lung bud.

Answer 6

laryngotracheal

Question 7

The primary bronchi subsequently divide into secondary bronchi and then into the tertiary bronchi by which week?

Answer 7

7

Question 8

By week __, they divide another 14-16 times and the respiratory bronchioles have developed.
Synthesis of surfactant begins.

Answer 8

24

Question 9

Lobes of right lung.

Answer 9

inferior, middle, superior

Question 10

Lobes of left lung.

Answer 10

superior and inferior

Question 11

Branching of bronchial tree.

Answer 11

trachea–>primary bronchi–>secondary bronchi–>tertiary bronchi–>bronchioles–>terminal bronchioles

Question 12

Alveoli

Answer 12

constantly develop until 8 y/o, contain 300 million sacs, alveolar sac is formed from 2-3 alveoli, starts thick and ends thin because of the blood-air barrier, any gas or drug can diffuse through your lungs and impact your blood, but the diffusion rate is very slow

Question 13

pneumocytes type 1 cells

Answer 13

form the wall of the alveoli

Question 14

alveolar type 2 cells

Answer 14

septal cells, create surfactant

Question 15

Pulmonary Arteries and Veins

Answer 15

All vessels are coming from aorta; All veins are tributaries to superior vena cava

Question 16

Bronchial Arteries and Veins

Answer 16

Bronchial veins drain into the azygos system

Question 17

Pulmonary Plexus

Answer 17

Sympathetics fibers dilate bronchi (inhibitory to bronchial mm.’s) and alveolar sacs, vasoconstrictors of pulmonary vessels; Parasympathetic fibers are bronco-constrictors (motor to bronchial mm.’s) and secretomotor to alveolar sacs; also vasodilators of pulmonary vessels