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Anatomy 2 > Olfaction and Gustation > Flashcards

Olfaction and Gustation Flashcards

1
Q

3 types of cells in the olfactory epithelium.

A

Supporting cells - mature to become basal cells
Basal cells - mature to become olfactory receptor cells
Olfactory receptor cells - neuronal in nature but have capability of regeneration, have a typical life span and at end of it will die, replaced by basal cells, constant turnover of olfactory receptor cells

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2
Q

1st order cells of Olfactory system.

A

olfactory receptor cells

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3
Q

1st order axons are projected through cribriform plate to this.

A

olfactory bulb

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4
Q

From the bulb the _____ and ____ are developed, creating the 3 pathways that 2nd and 3rd order fibers will take to get to the olfactory cortex.

A

tract & stria

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5
Q

Jacobson’s Organ/Vomeronasal Organ.

A
  • area of olfactory epithelium that is very vestigial in nature, embedded in vomer bone of nose
  • pheromone detection/recognition
  • synchronize female menstrual cycles
  • affect female choice of mates
  • cause mother/infant bonding
  • alter concentration, productivity
  • change perception of people/environments
  • classical conditioning
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6
Q

The olfactory cortex processing of information bypasses the?

A

thalamus

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7
Q

Olfactory epithelium anatomy.

A
  • receptor cells located in patch of tissue 3 cm square in size
  • embedded in epithelium and apex of cells will have series of cilia that are exposed to external world
  • axons will bundle to create fascicles to pass through cribriform plate to the olfactory bulb to synapse on 2nd and 3rd order cells IN bulb
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8
Q

How do the cilia function?

A
  • cilia are normally in mucous, which traps the odorant and allows it to diffuse through to bind with receptors on the cilia themselves
  • receptors for odorants cause chemical changes, initiating action potential that if made to axon will propagate to the bulb
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9
Q

Explain the neuron synapses that occur during smell.

A

receptor cells–>cribiform plate–>glomeruli–>mitral and tufted cells–>granular and periglomerular spread laterally–>anterior olfactory nucleus–>final output–>stria–>amygdaloid nucelus (olfactory cortex)

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10
Q

Medial stria

A

from one olfactory bulb and tract to the contralateral olfactory bulb and tract

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11
Q

Primary odors.

A

Musky - perfumes/aftershave
Putrid- rotten eggs (sulfur)
Pungent- vinegar
Camphoraceous- mothballs, vicks vapor rub
Ethereal- dry cleaning fluid, ozone, cleaning solutions
Floral- roses
Pepperminty- mint gum

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12
Q

Mechanism of excitation for smell.

A

G-coupled protein/metallic Ion binding sites- 350 human receptor genes, ~ 1300 mouse genes, ~10,000 odors detected, odors highly subjective based on gender, age, state of health, personal history

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13
Q

Olfactory receptor cell.

A

Pear shaped cell, On outside of epithelial lining is a bulbous knob with series of cilia, they are neurons and mitotic

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14
Q

How are smells differentiated?

A

labeled lines coding, all take the same path but every type of smell/odor is going to have a specific code, also graded receptor potentials (concentration)
Ex: peppermint may be burst of 4 action potentials, whereas putrid will be a burst of 10 action potential in a row

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15
Q

T/F First order taste cells are neurons.

A

False

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16
Q

Anatomical papillae of taste buds.

A

Fungiform papillae - taste buds located along the border
Foliate papillae - taste buds along the side
Circumvallate Papillae - taste buds are inside groove surrounding the papillae

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17
Q

T/F Taste receptors are regenerate.

A

True

18
Q

T/F Second order cells for taste are neurons.

A

True

19
Q

Morphology of taste receptors.

A
  • same for taste buds, regardless of the type of papillae they are located in
    supporting cells–>basal cells–>receptor cells
  • Receptor cells will have afferent innervation, that will be the first neuron in the system, but the second order cell in the system
20
Q

Sweet taste.

A
  • caused by organic molecules that cause a stereochemical interaction with receptor cell, initiating AP and stereochemical interactions
    organic molecules with more hydroxyl groups will be sweeter than those organic molecules with less hydroxyl groups
21
Q

Salty taste.

A
  • made of ionized salts

- dependent on conc. of cations in salt

22
Q

Sour taste.

A

due to proton concentration (Hydrogen ions)

23
Q

Bitter taste.

A
  • long chain organic molecules + nitrogen
  • By attaching a nitrogen atom it creates a more basic compound (Alkaloids)
  • Major poisons are alkaloids, are easily detectable in very low conc.
24
Q

Umami taste.

A
  • L-glutamate
  • Certain ribonucleotides i.e. guanosine monophosphate (GMP) and inosine monophosphate (IMP)
  • “pleasant savory taste”
25
Q

Metallic taste.

A

Dysgeusia- zinc deficiency, certain drugs

Pathological condition - detecting metallic on a regular basis

26
Q

Thresholds for taste.

A 
Sweet: 0.01 moles of glucose
Salt: 0.01 moles of NaCl
Sour: 0.001 moles of HCl
Bitter: 0.00001 moles of quinine
(threshold is less for substances that could harm the body i.e. poisons)
27
Q

T/F All receptors anywhere on the tongue can detect all flavors.

A

True

28
Q

Taste coding.

A
  • Along Labeled Lines

- Patterns of Neural Activity

29
Q

Taste Receptors are carried by CN?

A

VII, IX, and X (each nerves will ascend ipsilaterally to solitary nucleus in medulla)

30
Q

Ipsilateral pathway for taste.

A

Afferent Fibers–>Solitary Nucleus–>VPM of the thalamus (head region)/Parabrachial nucleus/hypothalamus–>Postcentral gyrus- insular cortex/amygdala

31
Q

From solitary nucleus there is a major pathway to ____________ nucleus and _____ (both in thalamus).

A

parabrachial; VPM (minor pathways to the amygdala and hypothalamus)

32
Q

Emotional responses to tastes is controlled by the pathway to?

A

amygdala

33
Q

From VPM taste info goes to?

A

primary sensory cortex

34
Q

From parabrachial nucleus, taste info goes to?

A

insula

35
Q

Intermediate Stria

A

goes through septum basal forebrain (anterior perforated substance) region to thalamus, but not to the cortex

36
Q

Lateral Stria

A
  • breaks into 3
  • one to the pyriform cortex, accessory to olfactory cortex (entorhinal)
  • one to the entorhinal cortex
  • one to the amygdala and hippocampus, connection to limbic system for learning and memory
37
Q

Orbitofrontal cortex

A

pyriform and entorhinal cortex (lateral stria)

38
Q

Smell information crosses the midline via which structure?

A

anterior commissure (via the medial stria)

39
Q

Morphology of olfactory/taste receptors.

A

supporting cell–>basal cell–>receptor cell

40
Q

Fungiform papilla

A
  • look like mushrooms

- taste buds are located along the borders of the papillae

41
Q

Filiform papilla

A
  • look like a little flame

- taste buds are embedded along the sides of the papillae

42
Q

Circumvallate papilla

A
  • there is a large groove surrounding the papillae and the taste buds are located inside the walls inside the groove
  • these papillae are found at the root of the tongue

Anatomy 2 (23 decks)

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