Heart Flashcards
Superior Mediastinum
arch of the aorta with its three large branches, Right and left brachiocephalic veins, upper part of the superior vena cava, vagus (10th cranial), phrenic and the left recurrent laryngeal nerves, thymus (in children, or some possible remnants in adults), trachea, esophagus, some lymph nodes
Inferior Mediastinum
anterior mediastinum: between the heart and the sternum; middle mediastinum: the heart and its pericardium; posterior mediastinum: between the heart and the vertebrae
Best landmark for posterior chamber for inferior mediastinum.
dorsal vertebrae
Some causes of mediastinal widening.
Anthrax inhalation, Asbestos (Found in old construction of drywall), Mesothelioma (malignant form of cancer), Trauma, Malignant lymphomas, Cardiomegaly (enlarged heart), CHF (Congestive Heart Failure), Pleural effusion (mostly in basal portion of lungs)
The ________ pericardium is double layered, smooth, delicate mesothelium that lines and fuses with the fibrous pericardium (tough and inelastic).
parietal
The _______ layer of the heart is usually called the epicardium and is continuous to the myocardium (muscle of the heart).
visceral
Layers of the pericardium from superficial to deep.
fibrous pericardium–>parietal layer of serous pericardium–>pericardial cavity–>visceral layer of serous pericardium (epicardium)
Cardiac muscle.
myocardium
Coronary blood vessels lie just beneath the ______ layer of the serous pericardium.
visceral
Pericardial fluid general characteristics.
pericardial fluid protects heart from external shock/jerk movements, more slippery than pleural fluid due to more lipids, accumulation of fluid in this space is considered pathological
In embryological development, this gives rise to the pulmonary trunk.
bulbos cortus
In embryological development, this gives rise to the aortic trunk.
trunk arteriosum
What is Tetralogy of Fallot?
conus septum develops too far anteriorly giving rise to two unequally proportioned vessels characterized by a large overriding aorta and a smaller stenotic pulmonary trunk. Along with these abnormalities there is:
- Ventricular septal defect (VSD) of the membranous portion (the septum is displaced too far anteriorly to contribute to the septum)
- Right ventricular hypertrophy due to the abnormally deviation of blood from left to right inferior chamber.
Risk factors for Tetralogy of Fallot.
Tetralogy of Fallot is perhaps an idiopathic condition. However, several factors may increase the risk of a baby being born with the disease: Nitrates in contaminated water consumed by neonate, Poor maternal nutrition during pregnancy, Mother older than 40, Maternal viral infection, i.e. rubella (measles) during pregnancy, Maternal alcoholism, Genetic predisposition (parent who had tetralogy of Fallot)
Persistent Truncus Arteriosus
Congenital condition results when the truncal (truncus arteriosus) and conal (conus cordis) swellings fail to develop. A single artery, the truncus arteriosus, arises from both ventricles above the ventricular septal defect, allowing pulmonary and systemic blood to mix. Distally, the single artery may be divided into the aorta and pulmonary trunk by an incomplete septum.
Communication from right side into the left side at a point where you can cross your fingers through (or probe). Used to clamp the vessels in heart transplant surgery.
transverse sinus
Will close within hours of a baby’s first breath.
foramen ovale (ostium primum)
Branches of right coronary artery (typical dominance 67-70%).
SA node br., Rt acute marginal br., Posterior descending interventricular br., AV nodal br.
Branches of left coronary artery (typical dominance 7-10%).
Circumflex br. (Left dominance 7-10%), Anterior interventricular br. (LAD), Left marginal br.
Coronary sinus
Great cardiac vv. (parallels LAD), Middle cardiac vv. (parallels post. desc. aa.), Small cardiac vv. (parallels rt. Marginal aa. - not as important), Anterior cardiac vv. (drains directly into Rt. atrium)
Coronary arterial disease (CAD)
LAD (40-50%) affects anterior and apical lt. ventricle and anterior 2/3 interventricular septum (IVS); Rt. Coronary (30-40%) disturbing post. wall of lt. ventricle and post 1/3 of IVS; Lt. Circumflex (15-20%) affects lateral wall of lt. ventricle
Coronary angiography
mostly done through iliac artery but can be done through aorta as well
Indentations of endocardium that represent turbulence in the primitive ventricular system.
trabeculae carnae
Path of blood flow.
lungs–>pulmonary veins–>left atrium–>bicuspid valve–>left ventricle–>aortic (semilunar) valve–> aorta and systemic circulation–>superior and inferior vena cava–>right atrium–>tricuspid valve–>right ventricle–>pulmonary (semilunar) valve–>pulmonary trunk and pulmonary arteries–>back to lungs for gas exchange
Primary difference between the semilunar and bicuspid/tricuspid valves.
semilunar - controlled by pressure; bicuspid/tricuspid - controlled by muscle
