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Anatomy 2 > Intro. to Histology > Flashcards

Intro. to Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Light Microscopy

A

used to visualize and study the cell from a structural standpoint

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2
Q

Phase Contrast

A

type of light microscope that allows you to see structures without staining

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3
Q

Polarizing

A
  • requires a stain for visualization and fixation

- has a filter that adds a third dimension

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4
Q

Confocal

A
  • increases optical resolution and contrast of a micrograph by using point illumination and a spatial pinhole to eliminate out-of-focus light in specimens that are thicker than the focal plane. It enables the reconstruction of three-dimensional structures from the obtained images.
  • Requires some staining/dye
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5
Q

Electron Microscopy

A
  • physics principle is similar to how x-rays work
  • The penetration rate and strength to penetrate the skin/structure causes scattering when bouncing off objects, creating an image of the structures not penetrated.
    (TEM and SEM)
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6
Q

Principle of Birefringence

A

optical property of a material having a refractive index that depends on the polarization and propagation direction of light

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7
Q

TEM (Transmission Electron Microscope)

A

allows you to see inside the cell through the plasma membrane

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8
Q

SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope)

A
  • allows you to see the electrons being repelled off of the surface
  • never in color
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9
Q

Color stains and type of cell.

A

Blue/Black: Basophilic
Pink/Light Pink: Acidophilic
Red/Orange: Eosinophilic
Grey/Light Grey: Neutrophilic

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10
Q

To be considered an organ, there must be at least __ types of tissue present.

A

2

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11
Q

The largest most complex organ of the body, containing all 4 types of tissue.

A

skin

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12
Q

Messenger in and out of the nucleus.

A

mRNA

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13
Q

Two types of chromatin.

A

Heterochromatin: chromatin is coiled tightly and dark
Euchromatin: uncoiled DNA and lighter in color

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14
Q

Functions of the epithelium.

A 
Cell Structure & Filtering - Organized by Nature, Like to Stack in layers
Cell Polarity & differentiation
Cell metabolism
Cell signal transduction
Intercellular interaction (i.e. NMJ)
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15
Q

Basal Lamina vs. Basement Membrane

A
  • Basement membrane is term in light microscopy

- Basal Lamina is term in Electron Microscopy because more detail is visible and discernible

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16
Q

CAMs

A

cell adhesion molecules

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17
Q

Immature connective tissue.

A

mesenchyme, mucous

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18
Q

Loose connective tissue (mature).

A

Areolar, Adipose, Reticular

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19
Q

Dense connective tissue (mature).

A

Regular, Irregular, Elastic

20
Q

Cartilage (mature).

A

Hyaline, Fibrous, Elastic

21
Q

Specialized mature connective tissue.

A

Bone
Blood - specialized function is oxygenation
Lymph - specialized function is immunity

22
Q

Two types of nervous tissue.

A

neurons, glial cells

23
Q

Largest protein structure you can see.

A

proteoglycan

24
Q

Adhesion proteins.

A

laminins, entacins, selectins, proteoglycans

25
Q

Adhesion promoted by the _____ dependant Cadherins.

A

Ca2+

26
Q

Gap Junctions

A
  • types of “open” pores, and are more viable for intracellular transportation
  • easily open for a chemical electrical gradient
  • minerals go and pass between cells
27
Q

Desmosomes

A
  • form family of intracellular adhesion molecules with sides that have links to the membrane and an isoform from the other side of the cell
  • linked together through the plaque and keratins (cytoskeletal fibers)
  • Strong junctions found at base (hemidesmosome) and lateral portion of the cell
28
Q

This network is primarily responsible for holding skin cells together and in makes up to 50% of the total protein of living skin cells,

A

Macula Adherens (Desmosomes)

29
Q

Zonula Occludens

A

Tight Junctions

30
Q

Stereocilia

A
  • Non-motile surface area specializations that project into the lumen
  • Protein core made of actin filaments with fimbrin cross-linking the filaments and ezrin attaching actin filaments to the membrane, alpha-actinin cross-links actin filaments at the base
  • Very very long microvilli, 100x longer and are unable to bend, cilia do bend
31
Q

Layers of epithelial cells.

A

Simple - single row of cells
Stratified - 2 rows of cells stacked together
Pseudostratified - ill-defined stack of cells

32
Q

Cell shape.

A

Squamous - flattened
Cuboidal
Columnar
Transitional

33
Q

Simple squamous epithelium

A
  • single layer of flattened cells
    Location: blood & lymphatic vessels (Endothelium); pericardium, peritoneum, (Mesothelium)
  • allows for a lot of fluid filtration
34
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium

A

Location: Ovaries, kidneys, certain glands (endocrine or exocrine), etc

35
Q

Nonciliated simple columnar epithelium

A

Location: GI tract (excluding esophagus), certain ducts & gallbladder.
- Can be microvilliated or not

36
Q

Ciliated simple columnar epithelium

A

Location: Respiratory tract, uterine tubes, PNS, spinal canal.
- trachea is the only place in the body that have cilia and microvilli together but this is not columnar epithelium, it is stratified squamous epithelium

37
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium

A

Location:
Keratinized - Skin
Nonkeratinized- Wet surfaces: mouth, tongue, esophagus, vagina, etc

38
Q

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

Location (more rare): Ducts of adult sweat glands, male urethra, ovum, etc.

39
Q

Stratified columnar epithelium

A

Location: Part of the urethra, large glands (parotid), anal mucous membrane, part of conjunctiva.
- somewhat rare

40
Q

Relaxed transitional epithelium (aka urothelium)

A
  • combination of stratified cuboidal and stratified columnar, called “umbrella cells”
    Location: Urinary bladder, part of the urethra & ureters
41
Q

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

Location:
Ciliated: Respiratory tract
Nonciliated: Large ducts of some glands, epididymis, part male urethra. bronchus and bronchi, nasal septum, and paranasal sinues.
- not stratified, it is actually simple columnar epithelium but the cells are arranged in a “checkerboard” fashion
- simple columnar is just arranged in single rows (this is what differentiates the two)

42
Q

Glandular Epithelium-Endocrine

A

Location: Endocrine organs: pancreas, thyroid, pituitary, ovaries, testis, etc
PANCREAS: can do both exocrine and endocrine at the same time
- columnar epithelium and its arrangement is acinar

43
Q

Glandular Epithelium - Exocrine

A

Location: Sweat, salivary, sebaceous glands

44
Q

Two types of endocrine glands.

A

Follicle-like (thyroid) - secrete precursors of hormones into the follicular lumen and then is completed in the follicle
- has room to store so that is why it secretes precursors first
Cords-like (parathyroid) - release the hormone already in its final form

45
Q

Exocrine glands.

A

Merocrine - salivary & pancreas, secrete little vesicles but cell structure is left intact
Apocrine - mammary glands, top of cell sheds off
Holocrine - skin sebaceous, whole cell sheds off
Ex- breast milk

Anatomy 2 (23 decks)

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