the learning process Flashcards
What is a motor programme?
A set of movement patterns stored in long-term memory and used to produce a skilled action automatically.
Characteristics of the cognitive stage?
Frequent errors
Reliant on coach feedback
Mental rehearsal important
Requires demonstrations
Characteristics of the associative stage?
Fewer mistakes
Increased consistency
Kinaesthetic awareness develops
Can last a long time
Characteristics of the autonomous stage?
Automatic and efficient performance
High levels of accuracy
Focus on tactics rather than technique
Requires ongoing practice to maintain
All types of transfer
Positive (e.g., netball pass helps with basketball pass)
Negative (e.g., badminton to tennis backhand)
Zero (no transfer)
Bilateral (left to right limb)
Proactive (old skill affects new)
Retroactive (new skill affects old)
How can a coach optimise transfer of learning?
Make practice realistic
Highlight similarities between skills
Ensure overlearning of subroutines
Gradually increase difficulty
What is Bandura’s Observational Learning theory (DARMMM)?
Demonstration
Attention
Retention
Motor Reproduction
Motivation
Matching Performance
What factors affect observational learning (DARMMM)?
Status of model (e.g., elite performer)
Observer’s motivation
Ability to physically replicate skill
Relevance and simplicity of demonstration
Linear Learning Curve
Explanation: Performance improves steadily over time due to consistent practice.
Occurs when: The task is simple or motivation is high, and the learner is actively engaged.
Negatively Accelerated Curve
Explanation: Fast improvement at the start, then slows down.
Occurs when: The performer learns the basics quickly but struggles with complex refinements later.
Positively Accelerated Curve
Explanation: Slow progress at first, followed by faster improvement.
Occurs when: The task is complex or unfamiliar and early success is limited.
Plateau (Learning Plateau)
Explanation: Performance levels off after initial improvement.
Occurs when: The learner loses motivation, reaches a physical or mental limit, or needs new challenges.
Strategies to Ensure Learning Continues
Vary Practice Tasks
Prevents boredom and encourages adaptation to new situations.
Set New Goals or Challenges
Maintains motivation and provides direction for further improvement.
Change Coach or Training Methods
Offers a fresh perspective and new ways of learning the skill.
Provide Feedback and Reinforcement
Helps correct mistakes and encourages continued effort and focus.
