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VETT 1110 Veterinary Diseases and Pathology > The Immune System Lecture Review > Flashcards

The Immune System Lecture Review Flashcards

1
Q

Species resistance
Mechanical barriers
Chemical barriers
Fever
The inflammatory response
Lymphatic system
Interferon
Complement

A

Examples of nonspecific immunity

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2
Q

The genetic ability of a species to provide defense against certain pathogens

A

species resistance

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3
Q

The Body’s First Line Of Defense

A

Mechanical and Chemical barriers

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4
Q

Example of Mechanical barrier to prevent infection

A

skin

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5
Q

Example of chemical barriers to prevent infection

A

sebum, mucus, stomach acid, tears,urine

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6
Q

True or False. The respiratory system contains both mechanical and chemical barriers to infection

A

True.
Ciliated mucous membranes filter incoming impurities and mucus entraps foreign material.
Coughing: nonspecific reflex in response to irritation or stimuli of trachea or bronchi
Mucus is present also

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7
Q

Fever is part of the nonspecific immune response.
What are the advantages of fever?

A

Inhibit the replication of certain temperature-sensitive microbes
Increases the metabolism of certain cells
Increases phagocytosis
Reduction in iron available for bacteria

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8
Q

Fever is part of the nonspecific immune response.
What are the disadvantages of fever?

A

Increased heart rate
Dehydration
Increased caloric demand
Seizures

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9
Q

Regarding the nonspecific immune system, what is the body’s second line of defense?

A

the inflammatory response

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10
Q

The WBCs (typically neutrophils) will “gobble up” the foreign material in a process known as ______________.

A

phagocytosis

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11
Q

Four cardinal signs of inflammation

A

Redness
Heat
Swelling
Pain
A fifth sign sometimes occurs: loss of function

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12
Q

What is the lymphatic system?

A

Extracellular fluid flowing through lymph vessels and lymph nodes
Contain WBC to fight infection/inflammation (neutrophils and macrophages)

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13
Q

Regarding the nonspecific immune system, what is interferon?

A

Interferon refers to proteins that are produced in response to viruses, endotoxins and certain bacteria

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14
Q

Regarding the nonspecific immune system, what is complement?

A

Biochemical cascade of 20 proteins which help clear pathogens; Binds to invading cell walls, producing small holes in the membrane, which leads to rupture of the foreign cell

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15
Q

The body’s third line of defense is:

A

Specific Immunity
**conducted by lymphocytes (T cell and B cell lymphocytes)

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16
Q

Two types of lymphocytes are produced in the bone marrow and are responsible for the specific immune response. They are:

A

B cells
T cells

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17
Q

What is meant by nonspecific immunity?

A

Part of innate immune system (does not change over time)

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18
Q

Regarding the specific immune response, what roll do B cells play?

A

produce antibodies in response to specific antigenic stimulation
**called Humoral immunity

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19
Q

B-cell lymphocytes produce antibodies in response to specific antigenic stimulation. This is called

A

Humoral immunity

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20
Q

Regarding the specific immune response, what roll do T cells play?

A

T-cell lymphocytes interact more directly with the pathogen by combining with the foreign material and rendering it incapable of causing disease
** called cell mediated immunity

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21
Q

T-cell lymphocytes interact more directly with the pathogen by combining with the foreign material and rendering it incapable of causing disease. This is called

A

cell-mediated immunity

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22
Q

B-cells respond to ___________ in the body

A

antigen

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23
Q

B-cells that produce antibody are called

A

plasma cells

24
Q

Some plasma cells remain as “memory cells”. What is their purpose?

A

Memory cells will recognize the antigen if it is ever presented again

25
Q

True or False. Each clone antibody is specific for only one antigen

A

True

26
Q

Antibodies are proteins called

A

immunoglobulins

27
Q

There are 5 different classes of antibodies

A

IgG
IgM
IgA
IgE
IgD

28
Q

The basic structure of an antibody molecule resembles the letter _____.

A

Y

29
Q

Makes up to 75-80% of all immunoglobulins in serum; Crosses placenta to protect fetus

A

IgG

30
Q

The largest immunoglobulin;
First that is synthesized in life and in response to an antigen

A

IgM

31
Q

Occurs in serum as a monomer, but on epithelial surfaces and in secretions (breast milk, mucus, saliva) it is a dimer
Resists enzymatic digestion
Inhibits organisms from adhering to tissues

A

IgA

32
Q

Associated with hypersensitivity reactions

A

IgE

33
Q

Small amount in serum
Serves as membrane receptor on Bcells for antigenic determinants

A

IgD

34
Q

Humoral Immunity is a slower type of immune response. Antibodies occur within _____ days of the initial infection

A

7-10

35
Q

Occurs as a result of genetic factors that influence the developing animal before birth

A

Inherited immunty

36
Q

occurs after the animal is born
may be natural or artificial

A

Acquired immunity

37
Q

occurs every time the animal is exposed to a pathogen

A

natural immunity

38
Q

occurs as a result to deliberate exposure to a pathogen such as with vaccinations

A

Artificial Immunity

39
Q

What is meant by maternal antibody protection?

A

antibodies from the mother are transferred to the offspring, through the placenta and/or colostrum. This is a type of Acquired Natural Passive Immunity.

40
Q

What is meant by a passive antibody transfer?

A

antibodies are created in one individual and transferred into another via plasma transfusion. This is a type of Acquired artificial passive immunity.

41
Q

Any means of introducing an immunogen into a host to achieve an immune state

A

Immunization

42
Q

The addition of ______________(insoluble aluminum salts) increase immune system and antibody levels

A

adjuvants

43
Q

Under certain circumstances, even normal cells can provoke the formation of autoantibodies, or autoreactive T cells, which can result in destruction of normal tissues.

This is known as an __________________________

A

Autoimmune reaction

44
Q

An adverse response of immunological origin, by the body to an antigen, causing tissue damage

A

Hypersensitivity reaction

45
Q

immediate hypersensitivity, Anaphylactic

A

Type I Hypersensitivity

46
Q

Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity, occurs when an antibody binds to an antigen present on the surface of cells, resulting in cell lysis, phagocytosis, or antibody-mediated cytotoxicity.

A

Type II Hypersensitivity

47
Q

Hypersensitivity, Antigen-antibody complexes (immune complexes) deposited in tissues may cause acute inflammation.

A

Type III Hypersensitivity

48
Q

Hypersensitivity, Delayed Type/Cell-mediated immune reactions); Takes more than 12 hours to develop

A

Type IV Hypersensitivity

49
Q

Examples of Type I Hypersensitivity

A

allergic rhinitis
hives/urticaria
asthma
anaphylaxis

50
Q

Examples of Type II Hypersensitivity

A

Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
Autoimmune thromocytopenia

51
Q

Examples of Type II Hypersensitivity

A

autoimmune hemolytic anemia or thrombocytopenia

52
Q

Examples of Type III Hypersensitivity

A

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

53
Q

Examples of Type IV Hypersensitivity

A

contact dermatitis
liver damage due to drug allergy

54
Q

Outside influences causing immune system dysfunction or suppression

A

Malnutrition
Virus-induced Immune Disorders
Toxin-induced immunosuppression
Other Secondary Immunodeficiencies (Protein loss makes the formation of antibodies difficult, Chronic diarrhea, Rapid weaning, Crowding, Trauma, Endocrine disorders)

55
Q

Three major components to prevent disease:

A

Husbandry
Vaccination or Prevention
Sanitation

VETT 1110 Veterinary Diseases and Pathology (11 decks)

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