The Immune System Lecture Review Flashcards
Species resistance
Mechanical barriers
Chemical barriers
Fever
The inflammatory response
Lymphatic system
Interferon
Complement
Examples of nonspecific immunity
The genetic ability of a species to provide defense against certain pathogens
species resistance
The Body’s First Line Of Defense
Mechanical and Chemical barriers
Example of Mechanical barrier to prevent infection
skin
Example of chemical barriers to prevent infection
sebum, mucus, stomach acid, tears,urine
True or False. The respiratory system contains both mechanical and chemical barriers to infection
True.
Ciliated mucous membranes filter incoming impurities and mucus entraps foreign material.
Coughing: nonspecific reflex in response to irritation or stimuli of trachea or bronchi
Mucus is present also
Fever is part of the nonspecific immune response.
What are the advantages of fever?
Inhibit the replication of certain temperature-sensitive microbes
Increases the metabolism of certain cells
Increases phagocytosis
Reduction in iron available for bacteria
Fever is part of the nonspecific immune response.
What are the disadvantages of fever?
Increased heart rate
Dehydration
Increased caloric demand
Seizures
Regarding the nonspecific immune system, what is the body’s second line of defense?
the inflammatory response
The WBCs (typically neutrophils) will “gobble up” the foreign material in a process known as ______________.
phagocytosis
Four cardinal signs of inflammation
Redness
Heat
Swelling
Pain
A fifth sign sometimes occurs: loss of function
What is the lymphatic system?
Extracellular fluid flowing through lymph vessels and lymph nodes
Contain WBC to fight infection/inflammation (neutrophils and macrophages)
Regarding the nonspecific immune system, what is interferon?
Interferon refers to proteins that are produced in response to viruses, endotoxins and certain bacteria
Regarding the nonspecific immune system, what is complement?
Biochemical cascade of 20 proteins which help clear pathogens; Binds to invading cell walls, producing small holes in the membrane, which leads to rupture of the foreign cell
The body’s third line of defense is:
Specific Immunity
**conducted by lymphocytes (T cell and B cell lymphocytes)
Two types of lymphocytes are produced in the bone marrow and are responsible for the specific immune response. They are:
B cells
T cells
What is meant by nonspecific immunity?
Part of innate immune system (does not change over time)
Regarding the specific immune response, what roll do B cells play?
produce antibodies in response to specific antigenic stimulation
**called Humoral immunity
B-cell lymphocytes produce antibodies in response to specific antigenic stimulation. This is called
Humoral immunity
Regarding the specific immune response, what roll do T cells play?
T-cell lymphocytes interact more directly with the pathogen by combining with the foreign material and rendering it incapable of causing disease
** called cell mediated immunity
T-cell lymphocytes interact more directly with the pathogen by combining with the foreign material and rendering it incapable of causing disease. This is called
cell-mediated immunity
B-cells respond to ___________ in the body
antigen
B-cells that produce antibody are called
plasma cells
Some plasma cells remain as “memory cells”. What is their purpose?
Memory cells will recognize the antigen if it is ever presented again
True or False. Each clone antibody is specific for only one antigen
True
Antibodies are proteins called
immunoglobulins
There are 5 different classes of antibodies
IgG
IgM
IgA
IgE
IgD
The basic structure of an antibody molecule resembles the letter _____.
Y
Makes up to 75-80% of all immunoglobulins in serum; Crosses placenta to protect fetus
IgG
The largest immunoglobulin;
First that is synthesized in life and in response to an antigen
IgM
Occurs in serum as a monomer, but on epithelial surfaces and in secretions (breast milk, mucus, saliva) it is a dimer
Resists enzymatic digestion
Inhibits organisms from adhering to tissues
IgA
Associated with hypersensitivity reactions
IgE
Small amount in serum
Serves as membrane receptor on Bcells for antigenic determinants
IgD
Humoral Immunity is a slower type of immune response. Antibodies occur within _____ days of the initial infection
7-10
Occurs as a result of genetic factors that influence the developing animal before birth
Inherited immunty
occurs after the animal is born
may be natural or artificial
Acquired immunity
occurs every time the animal is exposed to a pathogen
natural immunity
occurs as a result to deliberate exposure to a pathogen such as with vaccinations
Artificial Immunity
What is meant by maternal antibody protection?
antibodies from the mother are transferred to the offspring, through the placenta and/or colostrum. This is a type of Acquired Natural Passive Immunity.
What is meant by a passive antibody transfer?
antibodies are created in one individual and transferred into another via plasma transfusion. This is a type of Acquired artificial passive immunity.
Any means of introducing an immunogen into a host to achieve an immune state
Immunization
The addition of ______________(insoluble aluminum salts) increase immune system and antibody levels
adjuvants
Under certain circumstances, even normal cells can provoke the formation of autoantibodies, or autoreactive T cells, which can result in destruction of normal tissues.
This is known as an __________________________
Autoimmune reaction
An adverse response of immunological origin, by the body to an antigen, causing tissue damage
Hypersensitivity reaction
immediate hypersensitivity, Anaphylactic
Type I Hypersensitivity
Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity, occurs when an antibody binds to an antigen present on the surface of cells, resulting in cell lysis, phagocytosis, or antibody-mediated cytotoxicity.
Type II Hypersensitivity
Hypersensitivity, Antigen-antibody complexes (immune complexes) deposited in tissues may cause acute inflammation.
Type III Hypersensitivity
Hypersensitivity, Delayed Type/Cell-mediated immune reactions); Takes more than 12 hours to develop
Type IV Hypersensitivity
Examples of Type I Hypersensitivity
allergic rhinitis
hives/urticaria
asthma
anaphylaxis
Examples of Type II Hypersensitivity
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
Autoimmune thromocytopenia
Examples of Type II Hypersensitivity
autoimmune hemolytic anemia or thrombocytopenia
Examples of Type III Hypersensitivity
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
Examples of Type IV Hypersensitivity
contact dermatitis
liver damage due to drug allergy
Outside influences causing immune system dysfunction or suppression
Malnutrition
Virus-induced Immune Disorders
Toxin-induced immunosuppression
Other Secondary Immunodeficiencies (Protein loss makes the formation of antibodies difficult, Chronic diarrhea, Rapid weaning, Crowding, Trauma, Endocrine disorders)
Three major components to prevent disease:
Husbandry
Vaccination or Prevention
Sanitation
