Integumentary Lecture Review Flashcards
What are the three layers of the skin?
the epidermis, the dermis, and the hypodermis (subcutaneous layer)
Name a few common ectoparasites.
Fleas, Ear Mites, Ticks, Mange, Lice, Warbles, Myiasis
What is the etiology of a flea infestation?
Ctenocephalides spp.
What canine parasite is the flea an intermediate host for?
Dipylidium canium
What are clinical signs of a flea infestation?
Dermatitis: may be diffuse or localized over the tailhead
Pruritus
Erythema
What is the treatment for fleas?
Treat secondary skin infection (antibiotics, shampoos); deworm with Praziquantel, start prevention and TREAT THE ENVIRONMENT
What are ticks?
Blood-sucking arthropods
Divided into hard ticks: Ixodiae and soft ticks: Argasidae
What are three of the most common ticks?
Rhipicephalus sanguineus: the brown dog tick
Dermacentor variabilis: the American dog tick
Amblyomma spp.
What is the treatment for ticks?
Removal; Prevention; Treat any secondary diseases tick was vector for
What causes tick paralysis?
12 species of Ixodes ticks contain a neurotoxin in their saliva that can cause an ascending flaccid paralysis of dogs
What is mange and what are the 3 main varieties in dogs and cats?
skin condition that occurs due to mites living on or in the skin, causing irritation and inflammation; Demodectic, Sarcoptic and Notoedric
What is the common and etiology names of Demodectic Mange?
“Red Mange”, “Hereditary Mange”, “Demodicosis”
Etiology: Demodex canis
How do we diagnose Demodectic mange?
Skin Scrape
What are the treatments for localized vs generalize Demodectic mange?
Localized:
Rotenone applied daily to lesions
Generalized:
Nexgard, Bravecto
ProHeart 6 injection (off-label)
Interceptor
Advantage multi (off-label)
Ivermectin
Does the heartworm status of a dog influence what treatment to use for Demodectic mange?
Yes, some treatments can be harmful if the dog is heartworm positive
What are a few key things to relay to owners about Demodectic mange (demodicosis)?
-Demodex is not contagious to people or other animals
-Treatment does not completely remove the mites from the skin; it is designed to reduce the numbers of mites, thereby reducing the clinical disease
-Recommend OHE/Castration
-Breeders: do not use previously infected dogs as breeding stock
-Treatment may be months, years or life-long
What is the etiology of Sarcoptic mange?
Sarcoptes scabei
Is mange zoonotic?
Yes and no. Demodectic is not but Sarcoptic is!
How do we diagnosis Sarcoptic mange?
Pinnae-pedal reflex
Skin Scrape - DEEP and multiple
What are possible treatments for Sarcoptic mange?
Bravecto: single dose
Nexgard: effective and safe treatments for canine sarcoptic mange (scabies) when administered twice, one month apart
Topical: Revolution
Ivermectin: PO, SQ
Antibiotics for secondary bacterial infections
What is the etiology for rare mange in cats?
Notodectres cati
How is cat mange diagnosed and treated?
Skin Scrape; lime sulfur dip, Revolution, treat secondary bacterial infections
Is mange in cats contagious?
Yes
What are warbles?
Cuterbra fly larvae
How are cuterebra (warbles) treated?
Remove the larva (INTACT) by carefully by incising the skin and pulling it out with a hemostat then flush wound and treat secondary bacterial infection
What is myiasis?
Infestation of maggots
What is pediculosis and what is the etiology of this?
Lice and Linognathus setosus
Do clients need to worry about lice getting on them?
No, they are host specific
What is the treatment for lice?
Nexgard, Bravecto
Oral ivermectin
Bathe pet with an insecticidal shampoo (or dust/spray)
Wash bedding, disinfect grooming tools
What is the common name for dermatomycoses?
Fungal Infections; Ringworm being most common
What are some of the etiologies of dermatomycoses?
Mycosporum canis (most common)
Mycosporum gypseum
Trichophyton mentagrophytes
What are the main diagnostic tools for potential fungal infections?
Wood’s Lamp
Only 50% of M.canis organisms will fluoresce
Idexx RealPCR Panel (1-3 days)
DTM Culture: Gold Standard (takes 7-21 days)
What are the treatments for fungal infections? What should you do before and after oral antifungals if this option is chosen?
-Localized lesions: Topical antifungals BID for 2-3 weeks, Lime Sulfur Dip
-Generalized lesions: Antifungal shampoos 1-2/week until cultures are negative (4-16 weeks), Lime Sulfur Dip
-Laboratory data for liver values pre/post tx if using oral antifungals
What are a few pieces of information to tell clients about fungal infections?
-Fungal spores may live in environment for up to 24 months!!
-Vacuum, wash bedding (bleach), clean hard surfaces (bleach)
-ZOONOTIC!!!!
-Cats are carriers
What is pyoderma and what are 3 common etiologies of it?
This refers to a bacterial infection of the skin. The infection may be superficial or deep.
Moisture, Allergies, and Bacteria
What is a common name for acute moist dematits?
Hot Spot
What are topical anti-itch/antibiotics?
-Gentacalm
-Medicated Wipes
-Cortisone
What are systemic anti-itch/antibiotics?
-Prednisone
-Antihistamines
-Apoquel/cytopoint
-Antibiotics
What are the four C’s?
Clip
Clean
Cover
Can acne in cat be cure?
No only controlled
What are some treatments and client education points for skinfold pyoderma?
-Clip, clean
-Dry the area
-Topical antibiotics (wipes are very user friendly)
-Recommend daily cleansing of folds
-Recommend weight loss if indicated
-Recommend grooming for long-haired pets
What is Insect Hypersensitivity in horses?
an allergic reaction occurring after the bite of an insect, typically seen in young equids in the summer months
What is the etiology of Insect Hypersensivtity?
Culicoides (biting gnats)
What are the two species if lice in equines and the treatments?
-Haematopinus asini, the horse sucking louse, andDamalinia equi, the horse biting louse.
-Pyrethrin-containing shampoos
What are the main etiologic agent of equine sacroids and what is the recommended treatment?
Bovine papillomavirus (BPV), primarily types 1 and 2; Surgical Excision with >0.5cm margins
What is the etiology of sweet itch in horses and what is the treatment?
The biting midges, “no-see-ums”. The most common biting midges areCulicoidesspp and steroids
What is the etiology of puppy strangles and other deep pyodermas?
Staphylococcus intermedius
What is the treatment for deep pyroderma?
-Attempt to diagnosis underlying disease (Cushing’s, Hypothyroidism, Demodex)
-Antibacterial shampoos used 2/week for months
Wipes, Sprays used BID for months
-Systemic antibiotics may be indicated for >3months
What is EGC?
The termeosinophilic granuloma complex(EGC) refers to a group of inflammatory skin problems incats. … The skin lesions are often highly pruritic (itchy) and can be exacerbated by the cat licking them
What is the treatment for a full anal gland?
Expression
What is the most common malignant soft tissue cancer in the cat?
Fibrosarcoma
What is a VAS in cats?
Feline Vaccination-related fibrosarcomas
What is the treatment for VAS?
RT and wide surgical excision is recognized as the treatment of choice
Amputation of the limb may be required
What is a common name for Mast Cell Tumors?
The Great Pretenders
What is the best diagnostic tool for Mast Cell Tumors?
FNA which should pre-med with diphenhydramine (benadryl) and Famotidine prior to sampling
What is the treatment for MCT?
-Sx excision w/ local lymph node removal
Palladia may be used to shrink pre-operatively
Once a Mast Cell Tumor is Removed it should be submitted for grading (Grade I-III). This will determine the treatment protocol.
-Chemotherapy (Palladia, Vincristine, Prednisone…. Should be tailored by DVM)
What are the grades of MCT?
-Grade I:Occur in the skin and are considered non-malignant. Although they may be large and difficult to remove, they do not spread to other areas of the body. Most mast cell tumors belong to Grade I.
-Grade II:Found below the skin into the subcutaneous tissues. Their cells show some characteristics of malignancy and their response to treatment can be unpredictable.
-Grade III:Originate in areas deep below the skin, are very aggressive, and require extensive treatment.
What are two common perianal tumors and what are the clinical signs?
-Adenomas, Adenocarcinomas
-Lumps around the anus; often ulcerated, bleeding
How are Perianal tumors treated?
Surgical removal and chemotherapy as recommended per pet
What is the etiology and clinical signs of Dermatophilosis in carpine and ovine and how is it treated?
Dermatophilus congolensis, Matting of hair followed by alopecia, and antibiotics (Penicillin, Oxytetracycline)
What is Dermatophytosis in caprine and ovine?
Ringworm
How is Dermatophytosis treated in caprine and ovine?
Topical tx w/ iodine, antifungals
What are the etiology of the different lice for caprine and ovine? (Biting, sucking, and goat sucking)
-Sheep Biting Louse: Damalinia ovis,
-3species of sucking louse:Linognathus pedalis, L ovillusandL africanus.
-goat sucking louse: Linognathus stenopsis
When are lice most prevalent in caprine and ovine and what is the treatment?
Winter, Ivermectin
