Equine Infectious Lecture Review Flashcards
Type 1 and 4 of this disease cause respiratory disease (1&4) and neurologic disease (1) in horses
Equine Herpesvirus
What is the name for Type 1 and 4 of the respiratory variant of Equine Herpesvirus?
Rhinopneumonitis
What is the name for Type 1 of the neurologic variant of Equine Herpesvirus?
Equine Herpesvirus Myeloencephalopathy
What is the treatment for Equine Herpesvirus?
Supportive Care
What are the two primary prevention methods of Equine Herpesvirus?
Management practices and Vaccination
Does the Equine Herpesvirus prevent the disease?
No, only reduces severity and duration
What is the transmission method of Equine Herpesvirus (EHV-1 and EHV-4)?
Nasal Secretions, Aerosolized secretions, Contact with aborted fetuses and fluids (EHV-1)
Incubation time of Equine Herpsevirus?
2-10 days
Is EHV-1 or 4 zoonotic? Reportable?
Neither are zoonotic; EHV-1 is reportable
What is a highly contagious viral disease that spreads rapidly among naive horses?
Equine Influenza
How is Equine Influenza transmitted?
Inhalation of respiratory secretions.
How long is Equine Influenza’s incubation?
1-3 days
How is Equine Influenza diagnosed?
Antigen test (patient-side kit); Paired Serum Samples
What is the treatment for Equine Influenza?
Supportive Care; NSAIDs for acute fever and antibiotics for prolonged (>3days) fever
What is prevention for Equine Influenza?
Good Hygienic management practices and vaccination
Why is Equine Viral Arteritis a special concern to horse breeders?
EVA can cause abortion in pregnant mares, death in young foals and render breeding stallions permanent carriers of the virus
What is the principle method EAV is transmitted?
Respiratory with Venereal and Congenital being additional routes.
What is the only definite diagnostic tool for EVA?
Laboratory Testing (nasopharyngeal swabs/washings or unclotted blood)
What is the preventative methods for EVA?
Proper Management and Vaccination
What is the treatment for EVA?
Supportive Care
What is an infectious, contagious disease of Equidae characterized by abscessation of the lymphoid tissue of the upper respiratory tract?
Equine Strangles (Streptococcus equi)
Is EVA zoonotic? Reportable?
No. Yes
Is Equine Strangles zoonotic? Reportable?
No. Yes
How is Equine Strangles transmitted?
Fomites, Direct contact with infectious exudates. Common vectors being flies
What is the incubation for Equine Strangles?
3-14 days
How is Equine Strangles diagnosed?
Bacterial Culture or exudate from abscesses or nasal swab samples
Why are antibiotics controversial in treatment of Equine Strangles? If given, what is the antibiotic of choice?
Can delay abscess formation thus prolonging disease process, can render horses susceptible to infection after therapy. Penicillin
What are the primary treatments for Equine Strangles?
Warm compress of effected lymph nodes, flushing ruptured abscessed, NSAIDS as needed.
What vaccine is most beneficial in prevention of Equine Strangles?
Intranasal vaccine containing a live attenuated strain of S equi
What bacterium causes Tetanus (lockjaw) in horses?
Clostridium tetanii
Is there a vaccine for Tetanus? If so, how often is it administer?
Yes. Yearly after initial booster schedule as foals. (3,4,6 mon for unvax parents; and 6,7,9 mon for vaxxed parents)
Difference between Tetanus Antitoxin and Toxoid?
Toxoid - Used for vaccination and maintenence; Antitoxin - used for treatment and therapy
What disease is commonly called “swamp fever” and is caused by lentivirus and transmitted by bloodsucking insects?
Equina Infectious Anemia (EIA)
What are the symptoms of Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA)?
Nothing to everything. P can be subclinical but ma also exhibited a large number of nondescript clinical signs.
How is Equine Infectious Anemia diagnosed?
COGGINS (AGID) and C-ELISA testing with Coggins being gold standard.
Is Equine Infectious Anemia zoonotic? Reportable?
No. Yes.
What is the treatment for EIA? What is the prevention for EIA?
There is none for either. Only proactive management and testing can inhibit the disease. Humane Euthanasia is often the recommend therapy to prevent outbreak.
What is the etiology of Potomac Horse Fever?
Neorickettsia risticii (formerly Ehrlichia risticii)
What disease is seasonal, occurring between late spring and early fall in temperate areas, with most cases in July, August, and September with the onset of hot weather?
Potomac Horse Fever
What are clinical signs of Potomac Horse Fever?
fever, mild to severe diarrhea, laminitis, mild colic, and decreased abdominal sounds. Uncommonly, pregnant mares infected with N. risticii (usually in the middle trimester between 90 and 120 days) can abort due to fetal infection at 7 months of gestation.
Does the vaccine for Potomac Horse Fever prevent potential abortions in pregnant mares?
No
What are the primary presentations for Leptospirosis in horses?
recurrent uveitis, late-term abortion and acute renal failure
Which disease is a major infectious cause of foal diarrhea and has been documented to cause 50% or more of foal diarrhea cases in some areas?
Rotaviral Diarrhea
What is WEE, EEE, and VEE?
Western, Eastern and Venezuelan Equine Viral Encephalomyelitis
What are the two common names for Equine Viral Encephalomyelitis?
Sleeping Sickness (for WEE, EEE, and VEE); West Nile Virus
How quickly are the patients recumbent with Equine Viral Encephalomyelitis? How quickly can they die?
12-18hrs. 2-3 days
What are clinical signs of Equine Viral Encephalomyelitis?
altered mentation, impaired vision, aimless wandering, head pressing, circling, inability to swallow, irregular ataxic gait, paresis and paralysis, seizures, and death.
What is the etiology of Equine Viral Encephalomyelitis?
Arboviruses; Genus: Flavivirus (enveloped RNA virus)
What is the diagnosis and then treatment of Equine Viral Encephalomyelitis?
Clinical signs and serology testing; Supportive care - there is no cure
What are the two preventative methods for Equine Viral Encephalomyelitis?
Mosquito Control and Vaccines (for West Nile, Eastern and Western, none for Venezuelan)
Is Equine Viral Encephalomyelitis zoonotic? Reportable?
Yes to both!!
What is the etiology of Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis (EPM)?
Sarcocystis neurona
What is the definitive host of S neurona in the USA? How do horses get the disease?
Opossum and they ingest contaminated feed or water
What are the clinical signs of EPM?
Ataxia; depression; head tilt; facial paralysis
How is EPM diagnosed?
It can only be diagnosed postmortem with CNS lesions
Is there prevention for EPM?
No
What are the treatments for EPM?
Antiprotozoals (Ponazuril, diclazuril, and pyrimethamine)
Do horses have a rabies vaccine?
Yes
