Large Animal Infectious Lecture Review Flashcards
What is BRD?
Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex
What makes up BRD?
IBR: Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis : Bovine herpes virus 1
BVD: Bovine viral diarrhea virus
PI3: Parainfluenza-3 virus
BRSV: Bovine respiratory syncytial virus
What is the primary symptom of BRD?
Fever and eventual development of bacterial pneumonia
Is there a vaccine for BRD? What is the treatment?
Yes. Antimicrobial therapy for secondary bacterial pneumonia - otherwise supportive care
What is BVDV?
Bovine Diarrhea Virus
In relation to BVDV what is PI?
Persistently Infected calves.
How are PI patients produced and why are they a problem?
PI animals are produced when a fetus is infected while partially immunocompetent, thus recognizing the viral cells as self and not mounting an immune response; PI animals tend to never reach their productive potential, exhibiting stunted growth, reduced fertility and increased susceptibility to other diseases as well as providing a always present “patient zero” for the herd.
Is there a vaccine for BVDV?
Yes, the main goal of this vaccine is to minimize respiratory disease secondary to BVD and prevent occurrence of PI animals.
What are clostridia?
They are relatively large, anaerobic, spore forming, rod-shaped, gram-positive bacterial organisms. That are found either as living cells (vegetative forms) or as dormant spores with their natural habitats are soils and intestinal tracts of animals, including people.
What is the etiology of Tetanus?
Clostridium tetani
What are the clinical signs of Tetanus?
Localized stiffness, often involving the masseter muscles and muscles of the neck, the hindlimbs, and the region of the infected wound, is seen first; general stiffness becomes pronounced ~1 day later, and tonic spasms and hyperesthesia become evident.
What is vaccine and treatment for Tetanus?
Vaccine if the Tetanus Toxoid, Unvaccinated animals should be treated with 1,500–3,000 IU or more of tetanus antitoxin, which usually provides passive protection for as long as 2 wk. Toxoid should be given simultaneously with the antitoxin and repeated in 30 days
What is the etiology of malignant edema?
Clostridium septicum
What are the signs of malignant edema?
local lesions are soft swellings that pit on pressure; the muscle turns dark brown to black.
Accumulations of gas in subcutaneous tissue and along muscle fascias may be present.
Extensive local sloughing of skin and tissues is often seen in progressed states of malignant edema.
What is the prevention of malignant edema?
Bacterins are used for immunization.C septicumusually is combined withC chauvoeiin a blackleg/malignant edema vaccine and is available in multivalent vaccines.
What is the etiology of blackleg?
Clostridium chauvoei
What are the clinical signs of blackleg?
Occasionally fever, with edematous and crepitant swelling developing in the hip, shoulder, back, or neck and at first, the swelling is small, hot, and painful. As the disease rapidly progresses, the swelling enlarges, there is crepitation on palpation, and the skin becomes cold and insensitive with decreased blood supply to affected areas.
What are the two major Leptospiral serovars in North America?
hardjo and pomona
What are the clinical signs of Leptospirosis?
reproductive loss through abortion and stillbirth or birth of premature and weak infected calves
Uncommonly, severe acute disease occurs in calves: high fever, hemolytic anemia, hemoglobinuria, jaundice, pulmonary congestion, occasionally meningitis, and death.
In lactating cows, incidental infections may be associated with agalactia with small quantities of blood-tinged milk.
What is vibriosis and how is it spread?
Vibriosis is a venereal disease of cattle caused by a bacterial infection with Campylobacter fetus subspecies venerealis. Spread via joining of an infected and uninfected cow.
What is the recommended vaccination program for Vibriosis?
vaccination of all breeding animals, including all bulls, cows and heifers, with Vibrovax
What is the etiology of Swine Dysentery?
Brachyspira hyodysenteriae
What is the main treatment for Swine Dysentery and does it have a vaccine?
Water Antibiotics and Rodent Control; No
What is TGE in pigs and what is its etiology?
Transmissible Gastroenteritis and Coronavirus
What is the treatment of TGE and is there a vaccine?
Supportive care (sadly a 100% mortality in piglets); Yes but vaccine does not induce complete immunity
What is Erysipelas?
a significant bacterial pathogen of swine, turkeys and sheep. Erysipeloid, a condition characterized by localized skin infections and cellulitis, may develop in people who work with infected animals, infected carcasses, or infected animal byproducts.
What is Erysipelas’ etiology? What must be remembered when working with suspected Erysipelas cases?
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae; It is zoonotic!
What is the etiology of Mastitis?
bacterial with several: Staphylococcus aureus,Streptococcus agalactiae, andCorynebacterium bovis, Mycoplasmaspp, Escherichia coli
How is mastitis typically spread?
Flies, contaminated bedding; milkers’ hands; and Mycoplasma spp can be spread via aerosol transmission
Best prevention for masitis?
Proper husbandry
What is the etiology of Brucellosis?
Brucella abortus
What is the clinical sign of Brucellosis and how do we test for it?
Abortion is the most obvious manifestation. Infections may also cause stillborn or weak calves, retained placentas, and reduced milk yield.
Diagnosis: bacteriology or serology
What are the two main tests for Brucellosis?
Brucella milk ring test (MRT) and Rose Bengal Plate Test
What is the Bangs Vaccine and how is it marked on cattle?
Burcellosis vaccine and with R, shield, and last number in year in the R ear
What is the official name and etiology of Pinkeye?
Infectious Keratoconjunctivits and gram-negative bacterial rod Moraxella bovis
What is the best prevention of Infectious Keratoconjunctivits?
Fly control and separation of infected animals when possible
What is Orf?
Contagious Ecthyma; an infectious dermatitis of sheep and goats that affects primarily the lips of young animals. The disease is usually more severe in goats than in sheep. People are occasionally affected through direct contact.
What is the etiology of Contagious Ecythma?
parapoxvirus, related to pseudocowpox
What is the etiology and common name of the secondary infection associated with Contagious Ecythma??
Dermatophilus congolensiscommonly causes “strawberry footrot.”
Is there a vaccine for Contagious Ecythma?
Yes
What is Clostridial Disease?
ENTEROTOXEMIA CAUSED BYCLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENSTYPES B AND C causing severe enteritis, dysentery, toxemia, and high mortality in young lambs, calves, pigs, and foals
What is the treatment and control of Clostridial Disease Type C?
Vaccination of pregnant dam and antiserum for immediately birthed newbron from unvaccinated dams
What is the common name of Clostridial Disease Type D and what species is it seen most frequently in?
Pulpy kidney disease, Overeating disease and sheep
What is the most effective control method for Pulpy Kidney Disease?
Ewe immunization if primarily in young lambs, in feedlots reducing the amount of concentrate in diet can help but is not typically economical and purely vaccinating is often sufficient
What is the etiology of Johne’s Disease and what is the disease?
Mycobacterium paratuberculosis and a chronic, contagious bacterial disease that affects the small intestine of ruminants such as cattle, sheep, goats, deer, antelope and bison.
What are the clinical signs of Johne’s Disease and how is it diagnosed?
weight loss, chronic progressive diarrhea, dependent edema (secondary to loss of protein in the gut); emaciation and death; fecal culture, PCR; serology
What is Swine Erysipelas?
Diamond Skin Disease caused by E rhusiopathiae
What is the primary treatment, and in turn, prevention of Johne’s disease?
Good husbandry
What does an acute outbreak of Swine Erysipelas look like?
sudden and unexpected deaths, febrile episodes, painful joints, and skin lesions that vary from generalized cyanosis to the often-described diamond skin (rhomboid urticaria) lesions
What medication is Swine Erysipelas snesitive to?
Penicillin
Is there a vaccine for Swing Erysipelas?
Yes
