The Immune System

Question 1

What is an antigen?

Answer 1

They are a molecule on the outside is a foreign cell that cause the production of antibodies and the immune response

Question 2

What is a specific immune system?

Answer 2

Action of a lymphocyte in response to the entry of a foreign antigen to the body

Question 3

What is a lymphocyte?

Answer 3

White blood cells involved in the specific immune response activated by the presence of a specific antigen which is complementary to receptors on the lymphocyte membrane

Question 4

What is a macrophage?

Answer 4

Large phagocytes in the tissue and lymph noted that remove foreign materials and act as antigen presenting cells for lymphocytes. It also releases cytokines to B plasma cells

Question 5

Where are B cells made?

Answer 5

Bone marrow by stem cells differentiating cells

Question 6

Where are T cells made?

Answer 6

Thymus

Question 7

Where are B cells made?

Answer 7

Bone marrow by stem cells differentiating cells

Question 8

What is special about a lymphocytes structure?

Answer 8

Multilobed nucleus

Question 9

Where are B cells matured?

Answer 9

In the bone marrow

Question 10

Where are T cells matured?

Answer 10

Thymus

Question 11

Where are B cells found?

Answer 11

They spread on the body and are found in the lymph nodes and spleen

Question 12

Where are T cells found?

Answer 12

They circulate in the blood and lymph

Question 13

What are T helper cells used for?

Answer 13

They release cytokines to stimulate B cell development and stimulate phagocytes to do phagocytosis

Question 14

What are T killer cells used for?

Answer 14

They attach body cells that display the foreign antigen

Question 15

What are T regulatory cells used for?

Answer 15

They shut down the immune response once it’s done and they stop the T killer cells from eating the organisms cells

Question 16

What are T memory cells used for?

Answer 16

They at wised for long term immunity by having the disease’ antigen as the complementary receptor

Question 17

What are plasma cells?

Answer 17

They circulate in the blood making and releasing at antibodies

Question 18

What are B memory cells used for?

Answer 18

Stay in the body for a long time so the body remembers the pathogen

Question 19

How does H.I.V affect the immune response?

Answer 19

It kills the T helper cells so they can’t pass on the messages to the other cells

Question 20

What is clonal selection

Answer 20

When the antigen and pathogen or antigen presenting cell are complementary to each other causing proliferation. T helper cells can send interleukins to B cells to cause them to have to have clonal expansions. B cells can’t do the other way round.

Question 21

What is clonal expansion?

Answer 21

This is when the right B and T cell multiplies by mitosis so that it can stop the pathogen

Question 22

What does a B cell bind to during clonal selection?

Answer 22

They bond directly to the pathogens antigens.

Question 23

What does a T cell bind to?

Answer 23

It binds to an antigen presenting cell ore the pathogen or an infected cell

Question 24

What is cell signalling?

Answer 24

This is when different cells communicate to each other

Question 25

What do macrophages release and their effect?

Answer 25

They can release monokynes to attract neutrophils to come by chemotaxis. They also signal to stimulate B cells to differentiate and release antibodies

Question 26

What do T cells and macrophages release and their effect?

Answer 26

They release interleukins which can stimulate the clonal expansion so B and T cells differentiate

Question 27

What is chemotaxis?

Answer 27

It is the movement of chemical towards a certain chemical molecule

Question 28

How is autoimmune disease cause?

Answer 28

When a hidden antigen in the immune system comes out and is it recognised by the body as notself
If a pathogen has a very similar antigen to a self cell so the self cell is attacked

Question 29

Give 2 examples of autoimmune diseases?

Answer 29

Lupus

Arthritis

Question 30

What happens to the concentration of antibodies in the primary response?

Answer 30

There is a small delay then it increases then goes down and eventually becomes 0

Question 31

What happens to the concentration of antibodies in the secondary response?

Answer 31

It increases more than the primary structure at a faster rate and takes a longer time to decrease and reach a higher peak

Question 32

What is the initial response?

Answer 32

The first exposure to the pathogen

Question 33

What is the secondary response?

Answer 33

Second exposure to the same pathogen

Question 34

Why does the secondary response have a quicker immune response?

Answer 34

There are more B and T memory cells that would detect the pathogen and destroy it before any symptoms appear

Question 35

What type of response are B cells?

Answer 35

Humoural

Question 36

What type of response are T cells?

Answer 36

Cell mediated

Question 37

What is a cell mediated response?

Answer 37

The response is carried out by the cells, such as killing infected cells or regulating other cells

Question 38

What is a humoural response?

Answer 38

The response is carried out by antigens that aren’t cells

Question 39

How do T killer cells work?

Answer 39

It

Question 40

Where can scientists get natural substances to develop new medicines?

Answer 40

Plants

Microorganisms