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Biology 4 > The Immune System > Flashcards

The Immune System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an antigen?

A

They are a molecule on the outside is a foreign cell that cause the production of antibodies and the immune response

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2
Q

What is a specific immune system?

A

Action of a lymphocyte in response to the entry of a foreign antigen to the body

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3
Q

What is a lymphocyte?

A

White blood cells involved in the specific immune response activated by the presence of a specific antigen which is complementary to receptors on the lymphocyte membrane

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4
Q

What is a macrophage?

A

Large phagocytes in the tissue and lymph noted that remove foreign materials and act as antigen presenting cells for lymphocytes. It also releases cytokines to B plasma cells

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5
Q

Where are B cells made?

A

Bone marrow by stem cells differentiating cells

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6
Q

Where are T cells made?

A

Thymus

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7
Q

Where are B cells made?

A

Bone marrow by stem cells differentiating cells

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8
Q

What is special about a lymphocytes structure?

A

Multilobed nucleus

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9
Q

Where are B cells matured?

A

In the bone marrow

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10
Q

Where are T cells matured?

A

Thymus

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11
Q

Where are B cells found?

A

They spread on the body and are found in the lymph nodes and spleen

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12
Q

Where are T cells found?

A

They circulate in the blood and lymph

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13
Q

What are T helper cells used for?

A

They release cytokines to stimulate B cell development and stimulate phagocytes to do phagocytosis

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14
Q

What are T killer cells used for?

A

They attach body cells that display the foreign antigen

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15
Q

What are T regulatory cells used for?

A

They shut down the immune response once it’s done and they stop the T killer cells from eating the organisms cells

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16
Q

What are T memory cells used for?

A

They at wised for long term immunity by having the disease’ antigen as the complementary receptor

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17
Q

What are plasma cells?

A

They circulate in the blood making and releasing at antibodies

18
Q

What are B memory cells used for?

A

Stay in the body for a long time so the body remembers the pathogen

19
Q

How does H.I.V affect the immune response?

A

It kills the T helper cells so they can’t pass on the messages to the other cells

20
Q

What is clonal selection

A

When the antigen and pathogen or antigen presenting cell are complementary to each other causing proliferation. T helper cells can send interleukins to B cells to cause them to have to have clonal expansions. B cells can’t do the other way round.

21
Q

What is clonal expansion?

A

This is when the right B and T cell multiplies by mitosis so that it can stop the pathogen

22
Q

What does a B cell bind to during clonal selection?

A

They bond directly to the pathogens antigens.

23
Q

What does a T cell bind to?

A

It binds to an antigen presenting cell ore the pathogen or an infected cell

24
Q

What is cell signalling?

A

This is when different cells communicate to each other

25
Q

What do macrophages release and their effect?

A

They can release monokynes to attract neutrophils to come by chemotaxis. They also signal to stimulate B cells to differentiate and release antibodies

26
Q

What do T cells and macrophages release and their effect?

A

They release interleukins which can stimulate the clonal expansion so B and T cells differentiate

27
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

It is the movement of chemical towards a certain chemical molecule

28
Q

How is autoimmune disease cause?

A

When a hidden antigen in the immune system comes out and is it recognised by the body as notself
If a pathogen has a very similar antigen to a self cell so the self cell is attacked

29
Q

Give 2 examples of autoimmune diseases?

A

Lupus

Arthritis

30
Q

What happens to the concentration of antibodies in the primary response?

A

There is a small delay then it increases then goes down and eventually becomes 0

31
Q

What happens to the concentration of antibodies in the secondary response?

A

It increases more than the primary structure at a faster rate and takes a longer time to decrease and reach a higher peak

32
Q

What is the initial response?

A

The first exposure to the pathogen

33
Q

What is the secondary response?

A

Second exposure to the same pathogen

34
Q

Why does the secondary response have a quicker immune response?

A

There are more B and T memory cells that would detect the pathogen and destroy it before any symptoms appear

35
Q

What type of response are B cells?

A

Humoural

36
Q

What type of response are T cells?

A

Cell mediated

37
Q

What is a cell mediated response?

A

The response is carried out by the cells, such as killing infected cells or regulating other cells

38
Q

What is a humoural response?

A

The response is carried out by antigens that aren’t cells

39
Q

How do T killer cells work?

A

It

40
Q

Where can scientists get natural substances to develop new medicines?

A

Plants

Microorganisms

Biology 4 (20 decks)

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