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102 > The Hypothalamus > Flashcards

The Hypothalamus Flashcards

1
Q

principle function of the hypothalamus

A

physiological homeostasis

drive behaviors eg rage, sleep, feeding

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2
Q

Coronal Zones

A

Lateral, Medial and Periventricular Zones

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3
Q

Sagittal regions

A

Anterior, Tuberal, Posterior

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4
Q

Suprachiasmatic Nuclei function

A

circadian rhythm

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5
Q

Suprachiasmatic Nuclei pathway

A

retina –> optic chiasm –> suprachiasmatic nuclei –> lateral horn of spinal cord –> pineal gland

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6
Q

Pituitary anatomy

A

Adenohypophysis (anterior) - innervated by arcuate nuc.

Neurohypophysis (posterior) - supraoptic and paraventricular nuc.

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7
Q

Arcuate Nuclei function

A

parvocellular neurons secrete releasing / inhibiting factors

combine signals related to feeding behaviors

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8
Q

Parvocellular Neurons

A

neurons in the Arcuate Nuclei that secrete releasing/inhibiting factors
activates autonomic pattern generators to regulate feeding

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9
Q

Pituitary hormones

A

prolactic - mammary glands
ACTH - adrenal cortex
TSH - thyroid gland
Gonadotrophins (eg FSH) - ovaries, testes

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10
Q

Hypophyseal portal system

A

fenestrated structure of capillaries that facilitates rapid exchange between hypothalamus and pituitary

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11
Q

Arcuate Nuclei pathway

A

releasing/inhibiting factors secreted to hypophyseal portal system –> enters anterior pituitary –> stimulates secretion of hormones

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12
Q

Paraventricular & Supraoptic Nuclei function

A

Magnocellular neurons release vasopressin and oxytocin

acts as antidiuretic and also stimulates lactation

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13
Q

Magnocellular neurons

A

neurons in Paraventricular and Supraoptic nuclei that release vasopressin and oxytocin

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14
Q

Hypopituitarism

A

damage to hypothalamus/pineal gland cuases decrease of hormones –> decreased growth/responses

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15
Q

Hyperpituitarism

A

increased hormones –> increased growth

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16
Q

Antidiuretic process

A

water loss triggers releasing of more vasopressin (paraventricular and supraoptic nuc) –> increases water reabsorption in kidneys

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17
Q

Lactation process

A

mechanoreceptors in nipples cause release of oxytocin –> increases contraction of myoepithelial cells in mammary glands for lactation

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18
Q

Circumventricular organs

A 
sites where blood-brain barrier is highly permeable --> allows passage of chemosensory stimuli
area postrema
subfornical organ
pineal gland
OVLT
19
Q

Area Postrema

A

(circumventricular organ) vomiting

20
Q

Subfornical organ

A

(circumventricular organ) osmoregulation, cardiovascular regulation, energy homeostasis

21
Q

OVLT

A

(circumventricular organ) has osmoreceptos that are sensitive to osmotic pressure in blood
fever induction

22
Q

Mammillothalamic Tract pathway

A

mammillary bodies –> mammillothalamic tract –> anterior nucleus of thalamus and midbrain reticular formation

23
Q

Medial Forebrain Bundle pathway

A

autonomic/somatic info

septal nucleus –> medial forebrain bundle –> lateral nucleus

24
Q

Fornix pathway

A

autonomic/somatic info

Hippocampus –> fornix –> mammillary bodies

25
Q

Stria Terminalis pathway

A

autonomic/somatic info

amygdala –> stria terminalis –> preoptic & tuberal nuclei

26
Q

Hypothalamic Tract pathway

A

retina –> hypothalamic tract –> suprachiasmatic nuc

27
Q

Brainstem and Spinal cord inputs

A

visceral and somatic info

from: reticular formation, periaqueductal gray, solitary and parabrachial nuc.
through: Dorsal Longitudinal Funiculus and Medial Forebrain Bundle

28
Q

Autonomic circuits (4 nuclei)

A 
4 brainstem areas that network tgt w/ hypothalamus to regulate
Solitary Nucleus
Parabrachial Nuclei
Reticular Formation
Periaqueductal Gray
29
Q

Solitary Nucelus (function)

A

principle visceral sensory nuclei w/ info regarding tase (IX) and internal organ status

30
Q

Parabrachial Nuclei (function and pathway)

A

carries generalised visceral sensory info

solitary –> parabrachial –> Hypothalamus, thalamus, amygdala

31
Q

Reticular Formation (function)

A

Central pattern generator centers

cardio/respiratory functions, urination

32
Q

Periaqueductal Gray (function)

A

origin of descending pain control pathway

central pattern generator for responses to threats

33
Q

Detrusor Muscles

A

bladder muscles taht contract to expel urine/ relax to collect

34
Q

Vesicovesical reflex

A

stretching of bladder wall causes detrusor muscles to contract
(only active in children)

35
Q

Urine collection process

A

sympathetic input from T11-L2 inhibit detrusor muscles from contracting –> onuf’s nucleus in S2 innervates external urethral sphincter, keeps it contracted

36
Q

Urine elimination process

A

tension receptors in bladder wall convey info to periaqueductal gray, preoptic hypothalamus and thalamus

  • -> visceral sensory cortex in insula for conscious awareness
  • -> periaqueductal gray assesses social appropriateness
  • -> approval signal sent to pontine micturition center
  • -> inhibits sympathetic and lower motor neurons, allow detrusor muscles to contract
37
Q

Medial Preoptic nucleus (function)

A

regulates body temperature - receives signal when temp too HIGH
(20% of neurons are warm sensitive and fire faster as temp increases)
–> stimulates blood vessel dilation, panting/sweating

38
Q

Posterior Nucleus (function)

A

regulates body temperature - receives signal when temp too LOW
stimulates blood vessel constriction, shivering

39
Q

Dorsomedial Nuclei (function)

A

lesions affecting the dorsomedial nuclei produce rage

40
Q

Lateral Nucleus (function)

A

regulate food intake

lesions of lateral hypothalamus –> starvation

41
Q

Ventromedial Nucleus (function)

A

regulate food intake

lesions of ventromedial hypothalamus –> obesity

42
Q

Gherlin

A

chemical that encourages eating secreted by the stomach

43
Q

Leptin

A

chemical that stops feeding, released by fat cells

binds to receptors in arcuate nucleus

102 (15 decks)

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