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102 > Basal Ganglia > Flashcards

Basal Ganglia Flashcards

1
Q

Function of the Basal Ganglia

A

cognitive, emotional, movement related functions

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2
Q

Striatum

A

Caudate Nucleus + Putamen

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3
Q

Lentiform Nucleus

A

Globus Pallidus + Putamen

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4
Q

Caudate Nucleus

A

motor function, emotional reward and procedural/associative learning

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5
Q

Internal Capsule

A

afferent and efferent white matter tracts between thalamus and cortex

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6
Q

Putamen

A

regulate movements and influence learning

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7
Q

Globus Pallidus

A

regulation of voluntary movement

- ventral pallidum: involved in planning and inhibiting movements

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8
Q

Nucleus Accumbens

A

integrates motivation with motor action

caudate head + putamen - only visible before thalamus/3rd ventricle

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9
Q

Subthalamic Nuclei

A 
Usually inactive due to inhibition from GPe
(no inhibition = Parkinson's disease)
- Dorsolateral motor territory
- Medial Limbic Territory
- Ventromedial associative territory
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10
Q

Dorsolateral Motor Territory

inputs/outputs, function

A

(subthalamic nuclei)
input: primary motor cortex
output: GPe, GPi
motor function

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11
Q

Medial Limbic Territory

inputs/outputs, function

A

(subthalamic nuclei)
input: anteriro cingulate cortex
output: GP ventral pallidum
behavioral, emotional

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12
Q

Ventromedial Associative Territory

inputs/outputs, function

A

(subthalamic nuclei)
input: prefrontal cortex frontal eye fields
output: SNr
oculomotor, cognitive

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13
Q

Where in the brain are there the most dopamine neurons

A

Substantia Nigra

also Ventral tegmental area

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14
Q

Substantia Nigra pars Compacta

A
  • input to BG, supplies dopamine to striatum

contains densely packed, pigmented dopaminergic neurons

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15
Q

Substantia Nigra pars Reticulata

A
  • output from BG

contains loosely packed, non pigmented inhibitory GABAergic neurons

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16
Q

Nucleus Accumbens - Shell

A
  • limbic system connections
  • project to ventral tegmental area, hypothalamus, amygdala
  • part of mesolimbic pathway (reward system)
17
Q

Nucleus Accumbens - Core

A
  • motor function related to reward/reinforcement

- project to globus pallidus, substantia nigra

18
Q

Nigrostriatal Pathway

A

connections between dopamine neurons of SNc and striatum

- production of movement

19
Q

Basal Ganglia input

A

straitum receives input from cerebral cortex, SNc

20
Q

Basal Ganglia output

A

SNr to thalamas, superior colliculi

GPi to thalamus to motor cortex

21
Q

Motor and Oculomotor Loop

A

along w/ CNS regions to modulate movements prior to and during execution

22
Q

Associative (cognitive) Loop

A

involved in regulating attention and planning

23
Q

Limbic (emotional) Loop

A

involved in regulating emotional behaviors and motivation

24
Q

Direct Pathway

A

creating movement
- removes inhibition from thalamus by inhibiting GP
striatum –> GPi –> Thal

25
Q

Indirect Pathway

A

inhibiting unwanted movement
- subthalamic nucleus inhibits thalamus
striatum –> GPe –> Sub thal. –> GPi –> Thal

26
Q

Hypokinetic

A

loss of movement, slowness, rigidity
due to loss of direct pathway (less disinhibition of VA/VL)
- Akinesia
- Bradykinesia

27
Q

Akinesia

A

difficulty in initiating movement

decrease of spontaneous movement

28
Q

Bradykinesia

A

slowness of movement

29
Q

Hyperkinetic

A 
excessive//inappropriate motor activity
loss of indirect pathway (less inhibition of VA/VL)
- Athetosis
- Chorea
- Ballism
30
Q

Atethosis

A

slow, writhing movement of distal parts of limbs

31
Q

Chorea

A

rapid, flicking movement of extremities and facial muscles

32
Q

Ballism

A

violent, flailing movement of limbs

33
Q

Body movement pathway

A

motor, premotor somatosensory cortex

–> putamen –> GP –> VL/VA

34
Q

Oculomotor movement pathway

A

posterior parietal, prefrontal cortex
–> caudate (body) –> GP, SNr –>
mediodorsal & VA nuclei

35
Q

Associative pathway

A

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
–> caudate (head) –> GP, SNr –>
Mediodorsal & VA nuclei

36
Q

Limbic pathway

A

amygdala, hippocampus, orbitofrontal, anterior cingulate, temporal cortices
–> ventral striatum –> GP
mediodorsal nucleus

102 (15 decks)

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