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102 > Spinal Cord > Flashcards

Spinal Cord Flashcards

1
Q

Conus Medullaris

A

most caudal end of the spinal cord

located at L1-2 vertebral column levels in adults

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2
Q

Filum Terminale

A

an inferior extension of the pia mater beyond the conus medullaris
anchors spinal cord to the coccyx (bone) at the very bottom of the vertebral canal

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3
Q

Cauda Equina

A

nerve fibers coming from spinal cord segments lumbar 5 to coccygeal 1 which exit the vertebral column below the conus medullaris
occupies the lumbar cistern

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4
Q

Lumbar Cistern

A

subarachnoid space inferior to the conus medullaris

spinal taps done here

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5
Q

Tethered Spinal Cord Syndrome

A

neurological disorder caused by tissue attachments that limit the movement of the spinal cord within the spinal column, resulting in low lying conus medullaris

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6
Q

Sulcus Limitans

A

longitudinal groove that extends the width of the spinal cord, dividing it into dorsal and ventral segments and separating the alar and basal plates

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7
Q

Spinal Cord beginning and end

A

begins at foramen magnum at the interface with the medulla oblongata
ends at the L1-2 vertebral level at the conus medullaris
31 spinal cord segments

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8
Q

Cervical Enlargement

A

supplies nerves to upper extremity

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9
Q

Lumbar Enlargement

A

supplies nerves to lower extremity

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10
Q

Spinal Cord Segment nerves

A

Dorsal roots - ganglia neurons are a part of PNS and send sensory info into CNS
Ventral roots - are in the CNS (don’t have ganglia) and send motor info from brain to PNS

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11
Q

Spinal Cord Segments

A 
8 - cervical spinal cord segments
12 - thoracic spinal cord segments
5 - lumbar spinal cord segments
5 - sacral spinal cord segments
1 - coccygeal spinal cord segment
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12
Q

Segment Orientation

A

Dorsal - receives sensory input –> afferent

Ventral - motor output –> efferent

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13
Q

Posterior Horn

A

contains sensory interneurons of the ascending sensory tracts

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14
Q

Intermediate Gray Matter

A

contains neurons that are primarily involved with activity of the autonomic nervous system (unconscious control of body’s systems)

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15
Q

Anterior Horn

A

contains neurons that supply motor signals to skeletal muscles

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16
Q

Lissauer’s tract

A

in posterior horn
made up of both myelinated and unmyelinated axon fibers
convey pain, temperature and crude (light) touch info

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17
Q

Marginal Zone

A

located at the tip of the dorsal horn

relays info about pain, temp

18
Q

Substantia Gelatinosa

A

located at the top of the dorsal horn
relays info about pain and temp
receives input from Lissauer’s tract

19
Q

Nucleus Proprius

A

located in the ‘neck’ of the dorsal horn

relays info about proprioception (body position) and crude (light) touch

20
Q

Light/crude touch

A

poorly localised eg pressure, tickle, itch

21
Q

Fine touch

A

discriminative touch –> 2 point discrimination

22
Q

Dorsal Nucleus of Clarke

Clarke’s nucleus

A

located medially at very bottom of dorsal horn
corresponds to medial part of Rexed lamina VII
relays unconscious sensory info about proprioception
only found in thoracic to lumbar spinal segments T1-L2

23
Q

Interomediolateral Nucleus

A

located in lateral horn within Rexed lamina VII
relays motor info from the organs to and from brain, contains autonomic neurons that give rise to the sympathetic nervous system
T1-L3

24
Q

Lateral Motor Neurons

A

located in ventral horn

relays motor info from brain to viscera and skeletal muscles of limbs

25
Q

Medial Motor Neurons

A

located in ventral horn

relays motor info from brain to viscera and skeletal muscles of the trunk and neck

26
Q

Rexed Laminae

A

system of ten layers of grey matter
neurons towards dorsal end involved in relaying sense info
neurons towards ventral end involved in executing movement

27
Q

Lamina I

A

overlaps with marginal zone nucleus

sends info about pain and temp input

28
Q

Lamina II

A

corresponds to substantia gelatinosa nucleus
relay both pai and non-noxious sensation info to brain
modulate sensory input to help determine if incoming signals are painful or not

29
Q

Lamina III and IV

A

contain the nucleus proprius

relays proprioceptive and light touch sense info

30
Q

Lamina V

A

contains neurons that relay both noxious (pain) and visceral sensory (organ) stimuli

31
Q

Lamina VI

A

deepest layer of the dorsal horn

relays proprioceptive signals from joints, muscle, and skin

32
Q

Lamina VII

A

contains cells of Clarke’s nucleus, intermediolateral nucleus, and large portion of neurons of the lateral and ventral horns
relay proprioception (body position) and motor information
to from brain –> viscera
found in T1-S4

33
Q

Laminae VIII and IX

A

represent motor neuron groups in ventral gray horn
medial portion: contains motor neurons that innervate muscles of the trunk and neck
lateral portion: contain lateral motor nucleus that innervate distal muscles of arms and legs

34
Q

Lamina X

A

small neurons around central canal

relay motor info from one side of the spinal cord - axons decussate (cross over) here in the gray commissure

35
Q

Ascending Tracts

A

carry sensory info up the spinal cord to areas of the brain (terminating in cerebrum/cerebellum)

36
Q

Descending Tracts

A

carry motor info from brain down to specific levels of spinal cord (terminating on skeletal muscles)

37
Q

Reflex Arc

A
  1. receptor organ
  2. sensory (peripheral) neuron
  3. spinal cord interneuron
  4. spinal cord motor neuron
  5. effector organ (muscle)
38
Q

Monosynaptic Reflex Arc

A

reflex arc involving only one synapse

39
Q

Central Pattern Generators

A

functional units of neurons in the spinal cord built from groups of the more simple spinal reflexes, that produce rhythmic patterned outputs without sensory feedback
eg walking, breathing

40
Q

Primary Injury

A
  1. Loss of Neurons/Axons

2. Demyelination

41
Q

Secondary Injury

A
  1. Loss of Neurons/Axons
  2. Demyelination
  3. Inflammation
  4. Reactive Oxidative Damage and the Astrocytiic Glial Scar
  5. Cyst Formation

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