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102 > Lab > Flashcards

Lab Flashcards

1
Q

Meninges

A

protective coverings that enclose the brain and spinal cord

Dura Mater (outer layer)

Arachnoid (middle layer)

Pia Mater (inner layer)

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2
Q

Gyri

A

bumps

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3
Q

Sulcus

A

grooves

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4
Q

Subarachnoid space

A

space between arachnoid and pia mater (middle and inner layer of meninges)

where the blood vessels are located

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5
Q

Brain Stem

(structures)

A

Medulla

Pons

Midbrain (mesencephalon)

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6
Q

Brain Stem

(functions)

A

breathing

swallowing

heart rate

blood pressure

wakefulness

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7
Q

Pituitary Gland

(structure)

A

the root: Infundibulum (aka Infundibular stalk)

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8
Q

Pituitary Gland

(functions)

A

part of the endocrine system

produces hormones –> controls metabolism, growth, sexual function, sleep, mood

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9
Q

Olfactory Bulbs

(function)

A

sense of smell

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10
Q

Mammilary bodies

A

part of the limbic system and play a role in memory recollection/retrieval

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11
Q

Cerebrum

A

(subdivided into lobes with specialised functions) but as a whole it is responsible for controlling voluntary actions, emotions, hearing, vision, personality… etc

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12
Q

Cerebellum

A

motor control and cognitive functions such as attention, language, and emotional responses

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13
Q

Longitudinal Fissure

A
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14
Q

Pineal Gland

A

part of the endocrine system and produces melatonin –> helps maintain circadian rhythm and regulates reproductive hormones

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15
Q

Inferior and Superior Colliculi

A

form the tectum which is part of the midbrain

involved in vision and hearing

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16
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

large band of myelinated axon fibers that cross form one side of the brain to the other, joining the two hemispheres of the brain

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17
Q

Caudate nucleus

A

deep brain structure that is part of the basal ganglia

plays a role in motor functions, learning and reward systems

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18
Q

Putamen

A

deep brain structure that is part of the basal ganglia

plays a role in regulating various stages of movement (preparation, execution, etc) and also influences various types of learning

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19
Q

Optic Chiasm

A

X-shaped structure formed at the point below the brain where the two optic nervews cross over each other

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20
Q

Lateral Ventricles

A

2 largest cavities of the bentricular system, contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

each cerebral hemisphere contains one lateral ventricle

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21
Q

Globus Pallidus

A

deep brain structure part of the basal ganglia

regulation of voluntary movement

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22
Q

Internal Capsule

A

large white matter structure that contains both ascending and descending axons, to/from cerebral cortex and through the thalamus

23
Q

Optic Tracts

A

part of the visual system

the posterior continuation of the optic nerves after the medial (temporal lobe) fibers decussate at the optic chiasm

24
Q

Thalamus

A

deep brain structure, part of the diencephalon

sensory and motor signal relay to/from cortex

regulationso of consciousness and sleep

25
Q

Hypothalamus

A

together with the pituitary gland, they control other glands that produce hormonse in the body

regulates body temp, thirst, sleep/wake cycle, hunger, sexual behaviors, heart rate, blood pressure

26
Q

Hippocampus

A

spatial memory and navigation

27
Q

Third Ventricle

A

carries CSF

located directly in the midline diencephalon directly between the left and right thalamus

interthalamic adhesion runs through, connects the two thalami from either side

28
Q

Cerebral Aqueduct

A

part of the ventricular system located within the mesencephalon

connects the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle

29
Q

Insular Cortex

(functions)

A

sensory processing

feelings and emotions

motor control

risk prediction

decision-making

bodily self-awareness

complex social functions like empathy

30
Q

Common Carotid

(leads to)

A

external carotid

internal carotid

>middle cerebral artery

>anterior cerebral artery

>posterior cerebral artery

31
Q

Vertebral Artery

(leads to)

A

basilar artery

superior cerebellar artery

pontine arteries

anterior inferior cerebellar artery

posterior inferior cerebellar artery

32
Q

Circle of Willis

(composed of which arteries)

A

Anterior cerebral arteries

Anterior communicating artery

Internal carotid arteries

Posterior cerebral arteries

Posterior communicating arteries

33
Q

Anterior Cerebral Artery (ACA)

A

provides blood to the medial part of the frontal lobes and anterior parietal lobes

34
Q

Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA)

A

supplies lateral portion of the frontal lobes, temporal lobes and parietal lobes

35
Q

Anterior choroidal artery

A

supplies blood to portions of the anterior medial temporal lobe, the optic tract and portions of the thalamus and the internal capsule

36
Q

Posterior Inferior Cerebellar artery (PICA)

A

supplies the posterior inferior portion of the cerebellum

37
Q

Anterior Inferior cerebellar artery (AICA)

A

arises from the middle of the basilar artery and supplies the anterior inferior portion of the cerebellum

38
Q

Basilar Artery

A

becomes 2 paired vessels:

superior cerebellar artery

posterior cerebral artery

39
Q

Superior Cerebellar artery

A

supplies superior portion of the cerebellum

40
Q

Posterior Cerebral Artery

A

supplies the occipital lobe, thalamus, and medial portion of the temporal lobe

41
Q

Blood Brain Barrier

A

cellular barrier that protects the brain and spinal cord from harmful substances from entering the CNS via the vasculature

42
Q

Blood Brain Barrier

(components)

A

endothelial cells - capillary wall

astrocyte end-feet - sheaths the capillary

pericytes - embedded in capillary basement membrane

tight junctions - allows passage of water, gas, lipid-soluble molecules

43
Q

Ventricular System

(function)

A

Protection - acts as cushion for brain

Buoyancy - net weight of brain is reduced when immersed in CSF

Chemical stability

44
Q

Choroid Plexus

A

network of ventricles that produce CSF

45
Q

CSF Flow

A

Lateral Ventricle –> Foramen of Monro –> 3rd Ventricle –> Cerebral Aqueduct –> 4th Ventricle –> foramen of magendie and forament of luschka

46
Q

Dural Reflections

A

Falx Cerebri

Tentorium cerebelli

Diaphram sellae

Tenrtorial notch

Falx Cerebelli

47
Q

Dural Sinuses

A

Superior Sagittal sinus

Inferior sagittal sinus

Straight sinus

Transverse sinus

Confluence of the sinuses

Occipial sinus

Sigmoid Sinus

48
Q

Basal Ganglia

(function)

A

Movement

reward/motivation

49
Q

Thalamus

(Function)

A

relaying of sensory signals to the cortex

regulation of sleep and alertness

50
Q

Hippocampus

A

Memory Consolidation

Spatial navigation

51
Q

Pituitary Gland

(function)

A

hormone producing gland

controls growth, blood pressure, energy metabolism, sex organs, thyroid glands

52
Q

Pineal Gland

(function)

A

produces the hormone melatonin

modulates circadian and seasonal sleep cycles

53
Q

Major basal ganglia structures

A
  1. Striatum: caudate nucleus, nucleus accumbens, putamen
  2. Globus Pallidus: lateral, medial
54
Q

Lentiform nucleus

A

putamen + globus pallidus

102 (15 decks)

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