Lab Flashcards
Meninges
protective coverings that enclose the brain and spinal cord
Dura Mater (outer layer)
Arachnoid (middle layer)
Pia Mater (inner layer)
Gyri
bumps
Sulcus
grooves
Subarachnoid space
space between arachnoid and pia mater (middle and inner layer of meninges)
where the blood vessels are located
Brain Stem
(structures)
Medulla
Pons
Midbrain (mesencephalon)
Brain Stem
(functions)
breathing
swallowing
heart rate
blood pressure
wakefulness
Pituitary Gland
(structure)
the root: Infundibulum (aka Infundibular stalk)
Pituitary Gland
(functions)
part of the endocrine system
produces hormones –> controls metabolism, growth, sexual function, sleep, mood
Olfactory Bulbs
(function)
sense of smell
Mammilary bodies
part of the limbic system and play a role in memory recollection/retrieval
Cerebrum
(subdivided into lobes with specialised functions) but as a whole it is responsible for controlling voluntary actions, emotions, hearing, vision, personality… etc
Cerebellum
motor control and cognitive functions such as attention, language, and emotional responses
Longitudinal Fissure
Pineal Gland
part of the endocrine system and produces melatonin –> helps maintain circadian rhythm and regulates reproductive hormones
Inferior and Superior Colliculi
form the tectum which is part of the midbrain
involved in vision and hearing
Corpus Callosum
large band of myelinated axon fibers that cross form one side of the brain to the other, joining the two hemispheres of the brain
Caudate nucleus
deep brain structure that is part of the basal ganglia
plays a role in motor functions, learning and reward systems
Putamen
deep brain structure that is part of the basal ganglia
plays a role in regulating various stages of movement (preparation, execution, etc) and also influences various types of learning
Optic Chiasm
X-shaped structure formed at the point below the brain where the two optic nervews cross over each other
Lateral Ventricles
2 largest cavities of the bentricular system, contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
each cerebral hemisphere contains one lateral ventricle
Globus Pallidus
deep brain structure part of the basal ganglia
regulation of voluntary movement
Internal Capsule
large white matter structure that contains both ascending and descending axons, to/from cerebral cortex and through the thalamus
Optic Tracts
part of the visual system
the posterior continuation of the optic nerves after the medial (temporal lobe) fibers decussate at the optic chiasm
Thalamus
deep brain structure, part of the diencephalon
sensory and motor signal relay to/from cortex
regulationso of consciousness and sleep
Hypothalamus
together with the pituitary gland, they control other glands that produce hormonse in the body
regulates body temp, thirst, sleep/wake cycle, hunger, sexual behaviors, heart rate, blood pressure
Hippocampus
spatial memory and navigation
Third Ventricle
carries CSF
located directly in the midline diencephalon directly between the left and right thalamus
interthalamic adhesion runs through, connects the two thalami from either side
Cerebral Aqueduct
part of the ventricular system located within the mesencephalon
connects the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle
Insular Cortex
(functions)
sensory processing
feelings and emotions
motor control
risk prediction
decision-making
bodily self-awareness
complex social functions like empathy
Common Carotid
(leads to)
external carotid
internal carotid
>middle cerebral artery
>anterior cerebral artery
>posterior cerebral artery
Vertebral Artery
(leads to)
basilar artery
superior cerebellar artery
pontine arteries
anterior inferior cerebellar artery
posterior inferior cerebellar artery
Circle of Willis
(composed of which arteries)
Anterior cerebral arteries
Anterior communicating artery
Internal carotid arteries
Posterior cerebral arteries
Posterior communicating arteries
Anterior Cerebral Artery (ACA)
provides blood to the medial part of the frontal lobes and anterior parietal lobes
Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA)
supplies lateral portion of the frontal lobes, temporal lobes and parietal lobes
Anterior choroidal artery
supplies blood to portions of the anterior medial temporal lobe, the optic tract and portions of the thalamus and the internal capsule
Posterior Inferior Cerebellar artery (PICA)
supplies the posterior inferior portion of the cerebellum
Anterior Inferior cerebellar artery (AICA)
arises from the middle of the basilar artery and supplies the anterior inferior portion of the cerebellum
Basilar Artery
becomes 2 paired vessels:
superior cerebellar artery
posterior cerebral artery
Superior Cerebellar artery
supplies superior portion of the cerebellum
Posterior Cerebral Artery
supplies the occipital lobe, thalamus, and medial portion of the temporal lobe
Blood Brain Barrier
cellular barrier that protects the brain and spinal cord from harmful substances from entering the CNS via the vasculature
Blood Brain Barrier
(components)
endothelial cells - capillary wall
astrocyte end-feet - sheaths the capillary
pericytes - embedded in capillary basement membrane
tight junctions - allows passage of water, gas, lipid-soluble molecules
Ventricular System
(function)
Protection - acts as cushion for brain
Buoyancy - net weight of brain is reduced when immersed in CSF
Chemical stability
Choroid Plexus
network of ventricles that produce CSF
CSF Flow
Lateral Ventricle –> Foramen of Monro –> 3rd Ventricle –> Cerebral Aqueduct –> 4th Ventricle –> foramen of magendie and forament of luschka
Dural Reflections
Falx Cerebri
Tentorium cerebelli
Diaphram sellae
Tenrtorial notch
Falx Cerebelli
Dural Sinuses
Superior Sagittal sinus
Inferior sagittal sinus
Straight sinus
Transverse sinus
Confluence of the sinuses
Occipial sinus
Sigmoid Sinus
Basal Ganglia
(function)
Movement
reward/motivation
Thalamus
(Function)
relaying of sensory signals to the cortex
regulation of sleep and alertness
Hippocampus
Memory Consolidation
Spatial navigation
Pituitary Gland
(function)
hormone producing gland
controls growth, blood pressure, energy metabolism, sex organs, thyroid glands
Pineal Gland
(function)
produces the hormone melatonin
modulates circadian and seasonal sleep cycles
Major basal ganglia structures
- Striatum: caudate nucleus, nucleus accumbens, putamen
- Globus Pallidus: lateral, medial
Lentiform nucleus
putamen + globus pallidus