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102 > Cerebral Cortex > Flashcards

Cerebral Cortex Flashcards

1
Q

fun facts

A
  • makes up almost 1/2 of brain weight

- nearly 25 billion neurons w/ 10^14 synaptic connections

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2
Q

Neocortex (homogenetic cortex)

A
  • majority of cerebral cortex

- 6 layered structure

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3
Q

Heterogenetic cortex

A

–> Paleocortex - olfactory bulb/parahippocampal gyrus
–> Archicortex - hippocampus
both 3 layers

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4
Q

Neocortex gyri

A

precentral gyrus
postcentral gyrus
cingulate gyrus
parahippocampal gyrus

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5
Q

Non-neocortex gyri

A

uncus
olfactory cortex
olfactory bulb

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6
Q

pyramidal cells

A

principle output neurons

  • cone shaped cell bodies w/ LONG apical dendrites
  • long axons LEAVE CORTEX; excitatory
  • 10um-100um range in size
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7
Q

non-pyramidal cells

A

principle interneurons

  • cone shaped cell bodies w/ SHORT apical dendrites
  • axons STAY IN CORTEX; excitatory
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8
Q

dendritic spines

A

site of synapses that are modified during learning

- small changes in spine geometry produce large electrical changes

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9
Q

Cortical layers

A
  1. molecular layer
  2. external granular layer
  3. external pyramidal layer
  4. internal granular layer
  5. internal pyramidal layer
  6. polymorphic layer - fusiform shaped cells
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10
Q

Motor Cortex structural layers

A
  • long axons
  • large pyramidal cell layers 3-5
  • AGRANULAR (lack of granule cells
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11
Q

Primary Sensory Cortex structural layers

A
  • shorter axons project to closer cells
  • large pyramidal cells 3-5
  • GRANULAR
  • THINNER OVERALL
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12
Q

Afferents to cortex

A

other cortical areas, terminate in layer 2-3
- association fibers from ipsi. hemisphere
- commissural fibers from contra.
subcortical areas (thalamus) in layer 4

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13
Q

Efferents to cortex

A 
other cortical areas to layer 3 
- major source of corticocortical fibers
subcortical areas
- travel thru internal capsule
- 5 - major source of corticostriate fibers
- 6 - fibers to thalamus
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14
Q

BA #1,2,3

A

primary somatosensory cortex

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15
Q

BA #4

A

primary motor cortex

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16
Q

BA #5

A

associated cortex, somatosensory cortex

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17
Q

BA #6

A

premotor cortex

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18
Q

BA #17

A

primary visual cortex

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19
Q

BA #18,19

A

associated cortex visual

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20
Q

BA #22,39,40

A

wernicke’s area

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21
Q

BA #41,42

A

auditory cortex

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22
Q

BA #44,45

A

broca’s area

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23
Q

Inter-Hemispheric Connections

A
  • corpus callosum
  • anterior commissure
  • posterior commissure
24
Q

Anterior Commissure

A

temporal lobe interconnection

- pain sensation, memory, emotions

25
Q

Posterior Commissure

A

pretectal nuclei interconnection

- mediates pupillary light reflex

26
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

Genu - prefrontla fibers
Body - motor/sensory fibers
Splenium - visual fibers
–> destruction of left visual cortex and L splenium = pure word blindness (alexia without agraphia)

27
Q

Intra-Hemisphereic Connections

A
  • superior longitudinal fasciculus
  • inferior longitudinal fasciculus
  • ucinate fasciculus
28
Q

Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus

A

frontal –> parietal, occipital, temporal

29
Q

Inferior Longitudinal Fasciculus

A

temporal –> occipital lobe

30
Q

Ucinate Fasciculus

A

frontal –> temporal

31
Q

Neocortical Region 1

A

Parietal Lobe
S1 - primary somatosensory cortex
S2 - secondary somatosensory cortex

32
Q

S1

A

primary somatosensory cortex
BA #3 - thalamocortical projections from VPM, VPL in granular cortex
BA #1,2 - less thalamic, more cortical inputs

33
Q

S2

A

secondary somatosensory cortex
-input from S1 and VPM/VPL
lateral sulcus, extending to insula

34
Q

Congenital Analgesia

A
  • can’t feel pain sensation
  • causes: mutation to voltage gated Na+ channels or autosomal recesesive expression of a mutation in TRKA gene controlling nerve growth
35
Q

Neocortical Region 2

A

Occipital Lobe
V1 - primary visual cortex
V2 - visual association area

36
Q

V1

A

Primary Visual cortex
BA #17
- retina projects to lateral geniculate to here, info processed then distributed to V2

37
Q

V2

A

Visual Association area
BA #18,19
- sensitive to motion, color
destruction of V1= total loss of visual stim. response
destruction of V2= loss of specific aspects

38
Q

Neocortical Region 3

A

Temporal Lobe
A1 - Primary auditory cortex
A2 - Secondary auditory cortex

39
Q

A1

A

Primary auditory cortex
BA #41
- tonotopically organised
- granular cortex

40
Q

A2

A

Secondary auditory cortex
BA #42
- gets info from BA #41 and medial geniculate

41
Q

Neocortical Region 4

A

Frontal Lobe
M1 - Primary motor cortex
M2 - Secondary motor cortex
SMA - Supplementary motor area

42
Q

M1

A 
Primary Motor Cortex
BA #4
- agranular, thickest cortex
- betz cells
- stimulation = contra. muscle movements, except for palate, tongue
- lesion - spastic paralysis
43
Q

Betz cells

A

largest pyramidal neurons

44
Q

M2

A 
Secondary Motor Cortex
BA #6, premotor cortex
- agranular
- no betz cells
- stimulation - slow movement of larger muscle groups
45
Q

SMA

A

Supplementary motor Area
BA #6
- stimulation = movement of posture muscles
lesion does not cause paralysis or reflex change

46
Q

Planum Temporale

A

larger on left than right –> expands left lateral sulcus

47
Q

Broca’s Area

A

BA #44,45
- lesions impairs language fluency; good comprehension
can understand language, but cannot produce it
–> lack of instructions to motor cortex for production

48
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

BA #22
- lesions impairs comprehension; good fluency
can produce language but linguistically incorrect

49
Q

Prosody

A

rhythm, stress, intonation of speech (musicality)

50
Q

Right Inferior Frontal Gyrus

A

prosody production

- lesions = motor aprosodia

51
Q

Right Posterior Temporoparietal Region

A

prosody comprehension

- lesion = sensory aprosodia

52
Q

Posterior Parietal Cortex

A

some association areas are unimodal

- damage = sensory specific inability to recognise things

53
Q

Visual Agnosia

A

can’t recognise faces

54
Q

Right Parietal Association Cortex

A

mediates spatial orientation
- lesions = contralateral neglect
(lesions to the left doesn’t cause same neglect –> right side dominant for spatial attention)

55
Q

Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex

A
  • located @ middle frontal gyrus BA #9 and 46
  • function: working memory
  • ultimatum game
56
Q

Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex

A
  • interconnected to limbic system

- lesion = impulsivity, inability to suppress inappropriate responses & emotional reactions (Phineas Gage)

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