the human body orientation Flashcards
anatomy
study of structure & shape of the body and its parts
physiology
study of how the body and its part work together
____ determines ____
structure determines function
7 levels of structural complexity in the body
- atoms
- molecules
- cells
- tissues
- organs
- organ system
- organism
5 survival needs
- nutrients
- water
- oxygen
- regulated body temperature (heat)
- atmospheric pressure
homeostasis
stable internal environment, dynamic state of equilibrium
intracellular fluid (ICF)
fluid within body cells
extracellular fluid (ECF)
fluid outside body cells
intercellular tissue fluid
ECF filling space between cells
what is plasma
extracellular fluid in blood vessels
lymph
ECF filtered through lymphatic vessels
2 main systems to maintain homeostasis
nervous system & endocrine system
what 3 things does the nervous system do to maintain homeostasis?
- rapid response
- short duration
- uses electrical signals delivered by nerves
what 3 things does the endocrine system do to maintain homeostasis?
- slow response
- longer duration
- uses hormones delivered by circulatory system
what is receptor?
input
what does the control center do
integrate
what is effector?
output
what is the control mechanism order?
stimulus, afferent pathway (input), control center, efferent pathway (output), response
what is the negative feedback system?
returns body to homeostasis by reversing the stimulus
what are some examples of negative feedback system?
breathing rate, blood glucose levels, heart rate, body temp, sweating, shivering
what is the positive feedback system?
enhances the stimulus to make the body go further from homeostasis
what are 2 examples of positive feedback system?
childbirth (water break) & blood clotting (want to send more platelets to stop leak)
what is anatomical position?
when the body is erect (straight), arms by side, palms facing forward
what is another word for spine?
vertebral column
what is vasodilation?
blood vessels widen to increase blood flow & warmth
what is vasoconstriction?
narrows blood vessels to decrease blood pressure & sweats
why are nutrients needed for in survival?
energy & cell building
what makes up 60-80% of your body weight?
water
what survival need is for metabolic reaction?
water
why is oxygen needed for in survival?
to make oxidative chemical reactions, like ATP
what survival has a result of a correct reaction rate?
regulated body temperature
what is atmospheric pressure for?
for the respiratory system to work (because it needs oxygen)
what type of neurons do receptors have?
sensory neurons
what type of control mechanism detects temp, pressure, and bacteria?
receptor
what control mechanism has motor neurons?
effector
what is the control center part of the body?
brain which sends signals
where does a local disease affect?
certain part of the body
is strep throat a local or systematic disease?
local disease
what type of disease affects the entire body or several parts of the body?
systematic disease
what are signs?
changes that are observable or measured
what are symptons?
things you are feeling, cannot be observed
what are some examples of signs?
fever, rash
what are some examples of symptoms?
nausea, headache
what is set point?
the stabilized point that the body is trying to reach
what is local homeostatic imbalance?
only affects a certain part of the body, so only a certain part of the body is imbalanced
what is systematic homeostatic imbalance?
affects entire body, so entire body is imbalanced
what is homeostatic imbalance?
when body is not able to return to homeostasis
what are 4 signs of homeostatic imbalance?
- increased heart rate
- decreased blood pressure
- fast breathing
- decrease in urination frequencies
confusion, irritability, aggression, anxiety, listlessness, delirium are all symptoms of what?
homeostatic imbalance
what is cation?
lose electrons and become positively charged
what is anion?
gain electrons and become negatively charged
what is the charge of an electron?
negative
what is the charge of a neutron?
no charge
what is the charge of a proton?
positive
