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Anatomy & Physiology > basic biochemistry > Flashcards

basic biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

what is an element?

A

an unique substance that cannot be broken down into simple stable substances

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2
Q

how many elements are naturally found on Earth?

A

92

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3
Q

what are elements made of?

A

atoms

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4
Q

what is the periodic table made of?

A

elements

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5
Q

what charge does an electron have?

A

negative

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6
Q

what is the particle for the symbol e− ?

A

electron

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7
Q

what is the symbol for proton?

A

p+

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8
Q

what particle has a positive charge?

A

proton

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9
Q

neutron has what symbol?

A

n0

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10
Q

what is the charge of an neutron?

A

no charge

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11
Q

which 2 particles have a mass of 1?

A

proton & neutron

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12
Q

what is the mass of an electron?

A

1/1840

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13
Q

the nucleus holds what 2 particles?

A

proton & neutron

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14
Q

where is the electron located?

A

electron cloud

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15
Q

what equals the # of protons in the nucleus of an atom?

A

atomic number & electrons

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16
Q

what is the equation for atomic mass?

A

protons + neutrons found in the nucleus

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17
Q

what equals the # of protons in an electrically neutral element?

A

electrons

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18
Q

what makes up the mass of an atom?

A

protons & neutrons

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19
Q

what is a substance called when it is made of 2 or more elements that are chemically combined?

A

compounds

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20
Q

what is a mixture?

A

2 or more substances physically combined

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21
Q

what is the substance that has mass, takes up space, and made of a specific form of energy?

A

matter

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22
Q

what is the term for ability to do work or put matter into motion?

A

energy

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23
Q

what are the 2 types of energy?

A

kinetic & potential

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24
Q

what is kinetic energy?

A

moving energy

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25
Q

what is potential energy?

A

energy that is stored/inactive

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26
Q

what kind of energy is C6H12O6?

A

potential energy

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27
Q

what is the name for compound C6H12O6?

A

glucose, sugar

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28
Q

what are the 4 different forms of energy?

A

chemical, electrical, mechanical, radiant

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29
Q

what kind of energy is stored in bonds of chemical substances?

A

chemical energy

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30
Q

gas, batteries, ATP, and fat tissue are all examples of what form of energy?

A

chemical energy

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31
Q

what is electrical energy?

A

movement of charged particles, or action potential

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32
Q

what does mechanical energy do?

A

move matter

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33
Q

a car rolling down the road and muscles pulling on bones are examples of what form of energy?

A

mechanical

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34
Q

what is radiant energy?

A

travels in waves

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35
Q

what are 2 examples of radiant energy?

A

EM spectrum, sun (reacts with chemicals in our skin to give us vitamin D)

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36
Q

what type of reactions occur when atoms combine with or break off with other atoms?

A

chemical reaction

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37
Q

where are valence electrons found?

A

in the outermost energy level

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38
Q

what happens to valence electrons?

A

moved between atoms in a chemical reaction

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39
Q

what does the Lewis Dot Structure show?

A

the valence electrons that are used during bonding

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40
Q

what is the term for # of valence electrons an element needs to be stable?

A

octet (8)

41
Q

what does the human body run on?

A

ions

42
Q

when is ionic bonds formed?

A

when electrons transfer completely from one atom to another

43
Q

what is an example of when an ionic bond is formed?

A

when a metal is attracted to a non metal, the compound made is salt

44
Q

what are 2 types of ions that can be formed?

A

cation and anion

45
Q

which type of ion is when atoms lose electrons and become positively charged?

A

cation

46
Q

what happens to anions?

A

gain electrons and become negatively charged

47
Q

what are 3 examples of cations?

A

sodium, potassium, calcium

48
Q

chlorine, oxygen, and phosphorus are examples of what type of ion?

A

anion

49
Q

why is the ionic bond the strongest?

A

it has a positive-negative interaction

50
Q

what are the 3 types of bonds in order from strongest to weakest?

A
  1. ionic bond
  2. covalent bond
  3. hydrogen bond
51
Q

is chemical energy kinetic or potential energy?

A

potential energy

52
Q

how is a covalent bond formed?

A

when electrons are shared between elements

53
Q

what is the result of a covalent bond?

A

a molecule

54
Q

what type of material is a covalent bond formed between?

A

non metals

55
Q

what are the 2 types of covalent bonds?

A

polar covalent and nonpolar covalent

56
Q

what is a nonpolar covalent bond?

A

when electrons are shared equally between atoms

57
Q

what is a polar covalent bond?

A

when electrons are unequally shared between atoms

58
Q

how is a hydrogen bond formed?

A

from an electrostatic attraction between 2 molecules

59
Q

what is a hydrogen bond formed between?

A

between a hydrogen and an electron-hungry oxygen or nitrogen atom

60
Q

what does a hydrogen covalent bond occur between?

A

between polar covalent molecules

61
Q

why are hydrogen bonds the weakest?

A

because there is only attraction between molecules, no electrons are being shared or passing over

62
Q

what are the 2 reasons hydrogen bonds are important?

A

to maintain shape of DNA & protein molecules

63
Q

what kind of reaction is anabolism?

A

synthesis reactions

64
Q

what is another term for decomposition reactions?

A

catabolism

65
Q

is anabolism reactions energy storing, absorbing, or releasing?

A

energy absorbing & storing

66
Q

is catabolism reactions energy storing, absorbing, or releasing?

A

energy releasing

67
Q

what happens during synthesis reactions?

A

2 or more atoms combine to form a larger, complex molecule

68
Q

do synthesis reactions make or break bonds?

A

makes bonds/bond formation

69
Q

what happens during catabolism reactions?

A

molecules break down into smaller molecules

70
Q

do bonds make or break during decomposition reactions?

A

bonds break

71
Q

what are the 4 factors that influence rate of reaction?

A
  1. temp change
  2. increase concentration of reacting particles
  3. change in particle size
  4. introduction of a catalyst
72
Q

would sugar dissolve faster in cold or hot tea and what influences this?

A

sugar dissolves faster in hot tea, due to temperature influencing the rate of reaction

73
Q

how do collisions impact the rate of reaction in increase concentration of reacting particles?

A

higher concentrations mean more collisions which gives way for a higher/faster rate of reaction

74
Q

what is an examples of an increase concentration of reacting particles?

A

stirring gives way for more collisions

75
Q

what is collision in rate of reaction?

A

the impact & force of reactants pressing against each other to give a faster reaction

76
Q

how does particle size matter in rate of reaction & collisions?

A

smaller particles have more kinetic energy so it increases collision

77
Q

what is the function of protein enzymes?

A

helps to break down molecules faster to be absorbed at a quicker rate

78
Q

what is another term for catalyst?

A

enzyme

79
Q

what is the description of inorganic compounds?

A

don’t have carbon, are small, are simple molecules

80
Q

what are 4 examples of inorganic compounds?

A
  1. water
  2. salt
  3. acids
  4. bases
81
Q

how much of the human body does water make up?

A

60% or 2/3 of the body

82
Q

what are the 4 properties of water?

A
  1. high heat capacity
  2. polar
  3. chemical reactivity
  4. cushioning
83
Q

what is the high heat capacity of water?

A

absorbs or releases large amounts of heat before temp changes

84
Q

how is water polar?

A

it is a universal solvent, it can dissolve items in the body, and it has a transport system

85
Q

what does water help dissolve?

A

salts, acids, bases

86
Q

what does water help transport?

A

gasses (oxygen & carbon dioxide), nutrients, wastes

87
Q

how does water help with chemical reactivity?

A

breaks down biological molecules, like in digestion

88
Q

how does water cushion the body?

A

by protecting organs from trauma, like cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) in spinal cord & brain

89
Q

what kind of compound is salt?

A

ionic compound

90
Q

what is salt made from?

A

nonmetal and metal

91
Q

since ions are charged particles they help conduct what in a solution?

A

an electrical current in a solution

92
Q

what is acids and bases?

A

forms electrolytes, ionie od dissociate in water

93
Q

what is the difference in taste between acids and bases?

A

acids have a sour taste, bases have a bitter taste

94
Q

what do acids dissolve?

A

metals

95
Q

what do bases dissolve?

A

human tissue

96
Q

what kind of protons are acids?

A

proton donors

97
Q

what kind of protons are bases?

A

proton acceptors

98
Q

what are buffers?

A

weak acids or bases to maintain a steady pH

99
Q

what is the most common element in the human body?

A

oxygen

Anatomy & Physiology (15 decks)

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