basic biochemistry Flashcards
what is an element?
an unique substance that cannot be broken down into simple stable substances
how many elements are naturally found on Earth?
92
what are elements made of?
atoms
what is the periodic table made of?
elements
what charge does an electron have?
negative
what is the particle for the symbol e− ?
electron
what is the symbol for proton?
p+
what particle has a positive charge?
proton
neutron has what symbol?
n0
what is the charge of an neutron?
no charge
which 2 particles have a mass of 1?
proton & neutron
what is the mass of an electron?
1/1840
the nucleus holds what 2 particles?
proton & neutron
where is the electron located?
electron cloud
what equals the # of protons in the nucleus of an atom?
atomic number & electrons
what is the equation for atomic mass?
protons + neutrons found in the nucleus
what equals the # of protons in an electrically neutral element?
electrons
what makes up the mass of an atom?
protons & neutrons
what is a substance called when it is made of 2 or more elements that are chemically combined?
compounds
what is a mixture?
2 or more substances physically combined
what is the substance that has mass, takes up space, and made of a specific form of energy?
matter
what is the term for ability to do work or put matter into motion?
energy
what are the 2 types of energy?
kinetic & potential
what is kinetic energy?
moving energy
what is potential energy?
energy that is stored/inactive
what kind of energy is C6H12O6?
potential energy
what is the name for compound C6H12O6?
glucose, sugar
what are the 4 different forms of energy?
chemical, electrical, mechanical, radiant
what kind of energy is stored in bonds of chemical substances?
chemical energy
gas, batteries, ATP, and fat tissue are all examples of what form of energy?
chemical energy
what is electrical energy?
movement of charged particles, or action potential
what does mechanical energy do?
move matter
a car rolling down the road and muscles pulling on bones are examples of what form of energy?
mechanical
what is radiant energy?
travels in waves
what are 2 examples of radiant energy?
EM spectrum, sun (reacts with chemicals in our skin to give us vitamin D)
what type of reactions occur when atoms combine with or break off with other atoms?
chemical reaction
where are valence electrons found?
in the outermost energy level
what happens to valence electrons?
moved between atoms in a chemical reaction
what does the Lewis Dot Structure show?
the valence electrons that are used during bonding
what is the term for # of valence electrons an element needs to be stable?
octet (8)
what does the human body run on?
ions
when is ionic bonds formed?
when electrons transfer completely from one atom to another
what is an example of when an ionic bond is formed?
when a metal is attracted to a non metal, the compound made is salt
what are 2 types of ions that can be formed?
cation and anion
which type of ion is when atoms lose electrons and become positively charged?
cation
what happens to anions?
gain electrons and become negatively charged
what are 3 examples of cations?
sodium, potassium, calcium
chlorine, oxygen, and phosphorus are examples of what type of ion?
anion
why is the ionic bond the strongest?
it has a positive-negative interaction
what are the 3 types of bonds in order from strongest to weakest?
- ionic bond
- covalent bond
- hydrogen bond
is chemical energy kinetic or potential energy?
potential energy
how is a covalent bond formed?
when electrons are shared between elements
what is the result of a covalent bond?
a molecule
what type of material is a covalent bond formed between?
non metals
what are the 2 types of covalent bonds?
polar covalent and nonpolar covalent
what is a nonpolar covalent bond?
when electrons are shared equally between atoms
what is a polar covalent bond?
when electrons are unequally shared between atoms
how is a hydrogen bond formed?
from an electrostatic attraction between 2 molecules
what is a hydrogen bond formed between?
between a hydrogen and an electron-hungry oxygen or nitrogen atom
what does a hydrogen covalent bond occur between?
between polar covalent molecules
why are hydrogen bonds the weakest?
because there is only attraction between molecules, no electrons are being shared or passing over
what are the 2 reasons hydrogen bonds are important?
to maintain shape of DNA & protein molecules
what kind of reaction is anabolism?
synthesis reactions
what is another term for decomposition reactions?
catabolism
is anabolism reactions energy storing, absorbing, or releasing?
energy absorbing & storing
is catabolism reactions energy storing, absorbing, or releasing?
energy releasing
what happens during synthesis reactions?
2 or more atoms combine to form a larger, complex molecule
do synthesis reactions make or break bonds?
makes bonds/bond formation
what happens during catabolism reactions?
molecules break down into smaller molecules
do bonds make or break during decomposition reactions?
bonds break
what are the 4 factors that influence rate of reaction?
- temp change
- increase concentration of reacting particles
- change in particle size
- introduction of a catalyst
would sugar dissolve faster in cold or hot tea and what influences this?
sugar dissolves faster in hot tea, due to temperature influencing the rate of reaction
how do collisions impact the rate of reaction in increase concentration of reacting particles?
higher concentrations mean more collisions which gives way for a higher/faster rate of reaction
what is an examples of an increase concentration of reacting particles?
stirring gives way for more collisions
what is collision in rate of reaction?
the impact & force of reactants pressing against each other to give a faster reaction
how does particle size matter in rate of reaction & collisions?
smaller particles have more kinetic energy so it increases collision
what is the function of protein enzymes?
helps to break down molecules faster to be absorbed at a quicker rate
what is another term for catalyst?
enzyme
what is the description of inorganic compounds?
don’t have carbon, are small, are simple molecules
what are 4 examples of inorganic compounds?
- water
- salt
- acids
- bases
how much of the human body does water make up?
60% or 2/3 of the body
what are the 4 properties of water?
- high heat capacity
- polar
- chemical reactivity
- cushioning
what is the high heat capacity of water?
absorbs or releases large amounts of heat before temp changes
how is water polar?
it is a universal solvent, it can dissolve items in the body, and it has a transport system
what does water help dissolve?
salts, acids, bases
what does water help transport?
gasses (oxygen & carbon dioxide), nutrients, wastes
how does water help with chemical reactivity?
breaks down biological molecules, like in digestion
how does water cushion the body?
by protecting organs from trauma, like cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) in spinal cord & brain
what kind of compound is salt?
ionic compound
what is salt made from?
nonmetal and metal
since ions are charged particles they help conduct what in a solution?
an electrical current in a solution
what is acids and bases?
forms electrolytes, ionie od dissociate in water
what is the difference in taste between acids and bases?
acids have a sour taste, bases have a bitter taste
what do acids dissolve?
metals
what do bases dissolve?
human tissue
what kind of protons are acids?
proton donors
what kind of protons are bases?
proton acceptors
what are buffers?
weak acids or bases to maintain a steady pH
what is the most common element in the human body?
oxygen