the historical, cultural economic and environmental factors that have contributed to spatial, distribution of urban and rural places in Australia

Question 1

what is the most urbanised country in the world

Answer 1

australia- 90% of population

Question 2

how much of australias population live in 8 cities

Answer 2

70%

Question 3

how many cities across australia have a population of more than 100,000

Answer 3

19

Question 4

what is the population distribution in australia

Answer 4

90% live within 80km of the coast

Question 5

where are the most urban places in Australia

Answer 5

SE australia and extreme SE contain most urban places

Question 6

how many australians live in Sydney

Answer 6

1 in 5

Question 7

what do large areas in the centre contain

Answer 7

little settlement-mining camps etc

Question 8

how has Australia become an urbanised nation in the last 100 years

Answer 8

due to historic factors

Question 9

rural and urban percentages in 1911

Answer 9

43% rural and 57 urban

Question 10

rural and urban percentages in 1976

Answer 10

14% rural and 86% urban

Question 11

rural and urban percentages in 2023

Answer 11

11% rural and 89% urban

Question 12

are all states the same

Answer 12

no

Question 13

historical factors that contributed to the spatial distribution of urban and rural places

Answer 13

Australia established as six individual colonies

each colony has their own capital city (coastal, natural harbour or river location)

Question 14

what did early settlements in australia become

Answer 14

these became the centres for trade, administration and government

also became the main nodes of transport networks

Question 15

how did agriculture affect historical factors?

Answer 15

due to the economic nature of agricultural production i.e post-agricultural revolution, agricultural produce was exported

the dominance of large farms, mechanisation etc meant that demand for labour was not the case

Question 16

what is the main factor influencing population distribution in terms of cultural

Answer 16

is Australia’s perceived belief that coastal living provides a greater degree of wellbeing

Question 17

what is an example of a cultural factor influencing population distribution

Answer 17

example- mandurah-population 97,000-grown as a result of sea change style of living and retirees seeking coastal benefits

Question 18

what are private car owners prepared to do when living coastal

Answer 18

prepared to travel distances for work and education

Question 19

what do large capital cities and ports continue to be

Answer 19

centres of economic activity and adminstration

Question 20

what has focus of road and rail transport to the port facilities and associated infrasture has created

Answer 20

has created a form of economic inertia where change has been resisted

Question 21

what is an example of economic inertia

Answer 21

freo port considered two more to Kwinana or Geraldton. industry and commerce have, therefore, always been attracted to the larger, coastal urban places

Question 22

what is the continued establishment of new businesses and associated employment of centres called

Answer 22

is often referred to as the urban multiplier effect.

Question 23

what are some examples of businesses centred in urban centres

Answer 23

financial, banking, retail, mining etc

Question 24

what has the history of mineral discoveries in Australia resulted in

Answer 24

resulted in a number of settlements being established

Question 25

what has gold discoveries resulted in

Answer 25

in the establishment of towns such as Bathurst and Orange in the east and Kalgoorlie-boulder in the west

Question 26

what has the discovery of other minerals and energy resulted in

Answer 26

in the NW of WA has resulted in the growth of settlements in rural WA

Question 27

what is an example of a rural settlement that has declined from a mining

Answer 27

The growth of iron ore towns such as Tom Price has declined as work patterns have changed to fly in- fly out this as resulted in rural depopulation and a decline in income for the local economy

Question 28

what is agriculture in australia

Answer 28

is predominantly commercial, resulting in dispersed rural settlements

Question 29

what gave rise to small rural places for provision of basic goods and services

Answer 29

Fibre production, such as wheat and cereal grain

Question 30

how far apart are small rural scattered

Answer 30

every 30-40km across the rural countryside

Question 31

what did wool production not require

Answer 31

did not require as many rural places as fibres, leading to a lower number of rural places in regions where wool was dominant

Question 32

what have economic and environmental factors led to

Answer 32

to an increase in farm size, resulting in population loss in rural places

small centres are getting smaller and large centres are getting larger

Question 33

what is an example of urban and rural centres

Answer 33

Along the Queensland coast, a unique pattern of urban and rural places has been developed due to reliable rainfall and alluvial soils

Examples include Townsville and cairns - large ports and rural areas.

Question 34

what environmental factors influence urban and rural places

Answer 34

climate, topography and soils

Question 35

what do climate and hydrology play a significant role in

Answer 35

the settlement and land use patterns in Australia

Question 36

describe the climate factors that influcence environmental

Answer 36

• The southern half of Australia with seasonal Mediterranean, warm temperate and cool temperate climates, was preferred by early settlers over the drier northern regions
• Capitals were located centrally in inland regions that could support agricultural production similar to that experienced in UK
• Areas with semi-dry and dry climates in the interior and north north-western extremes cannot support high yield agricultural activities, resulting in few urban places and a pattern of dispersed rural places

Question 37

what is extensive pastoralism

Answer 37

Extensive pastoralism is the dominant land use in these areas

Inland regions have few settlements not associated with mining and exploration due to soaring summer temp and cold winter temp along with reliable rainfall

Question 38

what is arable

Answer 38

and that is suitable for farming and capable of producing crops

Question 39

describe the topography factors that influence environmental

Answer 39

• Flat coastal plains have led to extensive, low density urban development and agriculture
• The great dividing range acted as a barrier to inland settlement in eastern Australia, but the crossing of the blue mountains and the Hume and Hovell expedition opened access to the southeast interior
• Rugged regions of the Tasmanian Ales and the flat, arid expanses of central, southern Australia support very few inhabitants and rural places

Vast areas of desert and gibber plain= no permanent land use only isolated mining and indigenous community’s

Question 40

what do topography influence

Answer 40

Topography has influenced the distribution of urban and rural places in Australia

Question 41

what soil factors influence environment

Answer 41

Mountainous regions in the east and southeast with higher rainfall have fertile alluvial soils, resulting in higher agricultural yields, smaller farms, higher population density and more urban and rural places

The southwest has lower hills, less rainfall, shorter rivers and less extensive areas of fertile soils=fewer urban and rural places

Much of the west= sandy duplex soils with lower yields= lower population density’s and settlement patterns

Question 42

what are soils strongly linked to

Answer 42

Soils are strongly linked to climate and topography in Australia