site, situation and urban morphology of Perth Flashcards
why was perth choosen for settlement
Perth was chosen as a settlement site due to its strategic advantages compared to other locations in the region.
what was Lieutenant James Stirling role in the development of perth
Lieutenant James Stirling, with the help of botanist Charles Fraser, explored the area in 1827 to find a location that would offer protection against potential French colonization of the west coast of Australia.
Stirling, with a military background, strategically selected the main settlement site based on criteria that provided the best protection from foreign military attacks, access to fresh water, and proximity to inland areas suitable for agriculture.
why were other chooses for the location of the settlement not chosen
While considering other locations like Albany and Cockburn Sound, Perth stood out due to its access to fresh water at the base of Mount Eliza, protection from potential attacks by being located 17 kilometers upstream in the winding Swan River, and its well-drained sand ridge positioning.
what did settlement in Perth pave the way for
for its development into a political, social, economic, and religious centre, with ample land for agriculture and access to timber for export, ensuring its survival and growth.
what did the Indigenous Whadjuk Noongar people do
The Indigenous Whadjuk Noongar people had interconnected walking tracks around the Swan River, which the early settlers adopted for land access between Perth and Fremantle, and later for reaching inland farming locations.
what had occurred by the turn of the century
By the turn of the century, Perth had established its role as the capital city, while Fremantle served as the port city. The growing road and rail network influenced settlement patterns and called for a formal plan to guide future growth and infrastructure development.
what was the turning point in Perth’s planning and what did it lead to
The 1930 Boas Report, named after Harold Boas, marked a significant turning point in Perth’s planning. It highlighted the need for a formal State planning body, leading to the appointment of the first Town Planning Commissioner for Western Australia, David Logan Davidson in 1931.
what plans were developed to guide the growth of the metropolitan region?
Several plans were developed to guide the growth of the metropolitan region, including the 1955 Plan for the Metropolitan Region (Stephenson-Hepburn Report), the 1970 Corridor Plan for Perth, and subsequent plans like Metroplan, Network City, Directions 2031 and beyond, and Perth and Peel@3.5 million framework.
what did these strategies aim to do
These planning strategies aimed to coordinate urban development, ensure economic efficiency, and support the state’s growth by providing essential services, road and rail networks, and access to resources for the growing population.
what was the timeline for the development for perth
1955 - Plan for the Metropolitan Region, Perth and Fremantle (the Stephenson-Hepburn Report)
1970 - Corridor Plan for Perth
1990 - Metroplan: a planning strategy for the Perth metropolitan region
2004 - Network City
2010 - Directions 2031 and beyond
2015 - Perth and Peel@3.5 million framework (updated in March 2018).
what is site
Site refers to the physical characteristics of the land on which a feature is located. Site features include reference to height, landforms and/or slope, drainage and vegetation.
what are the site features of perth include
the site features of Perth, located on the Swan Coastal Plain, include sandy and gently undulating terrain, with heights ranging from sea level to approximately 60 meters above sea level.
what was the original settlement of Perth built off
The original settlement of Perth was built on the Perth Wetlands or the Great Lakes District, a series of freshwater wetlands that have been mostly reclaimed for urban development.
what is the predominantly coastal geology
The coastal geology is predominantly limestone and sand, with eroding limestone providing interesting features along the coastline. The eastern half of the plain is flatter, reaching an average elevation of 20 to 25 meters above sea level.
did the swan and canning rivers influence anything
The Swan and Canning Rivers, known as Derbarl Yerrigan to the Whadjuk Noongar people, have played a significant role in shaping the metropolitan area, influencing development along their banks.
how does the The Darling Escarpment and the Indian Ocean act as limiting features, restricting urban growth
The Escarpment rises steeply up to 300 meters above sea level with less favourable conditions for development, while the Indian Ocean has encouraged the city’s built-up area to extend along the north-south coastline, with coastal living highly valued in areas like Alkimos, Cottesloe, Mindarie, and Warnbro.
what does the situation refer to
Situation of a settlement refers to its location in relation to other significant features, both cultural and physical.
what do situation features include
Situation characteristics include a feature’s latitude and longitude, distance and direction from another physical or cultural feature and consideration of its location in relation to the junction of transport links.
what is perth latitude and longitude situated
Perth is situated on the South West coast of Australia in Western Australia, with its latitude and longitude coordinates being 31° 57’ S 115° 51’ E.
is Perth one if the most isolated cities in the world
Perth is one of the most isolated cities in the world, located 2,700 kilometres west of Adelaide, its closest neighbouring capital city.
where is the The city’s Central Business District (CBD) and point of original growth situated
are situated 14 kilometres east of the Indian Ocean and 17 kilometres upstream (north-east) of the port of Fremantle.
where is the Perth metropolitan area strategically located
The Perth metropolitan area is strategically located along major highways and railways, with radial development occurring in various directions, including northeast, east, southeast, and southwest along Great Northern Highway, Great Eastern Highway, Albany Highway, and South Western Highway, respectively.
The extension of the Mitchell and Kwinana Freeways, along with the associated Joondalup and Mandurah railway lines has resulted in what
The extension of the Mitchell and Kwinana Freeways, along with the associated Joondalup and Mandurah railway lines, has resulted in growth along the north-south corridor, with Perth’s CBD located at the junction of these major freeways and railway lines.
what is external morphology
External morphology is the study of the outside shape of a settlement, including its boundary and the processes affecting its shape.
Understanding this is crucial for urban planning, as each area has a unique morphology defined by local natural and cultural features.
what does Observing urban development from aerial photography or satellite images reveals
the impact of natural features like rivers, oceans, and hills on the city’s shape, as well as human modifications such as roads, railways, and buildings.
what is perths external morphology
described as
Perth’s external morphology is described as semi-stellate, with a sprawling low-density city covering a large area. The city’s growth has expanded towards four major corridors: north, east, southeast, and south, influenced by the cultural value of owning large properties and a desire for coastal living.
what does the swan- canning river system contribute to
The Swan-Canning River system divides the urban area of Perth, contributing to its semi-stellate shape, with corridors branching off from the rivers, promoting radial development.
where are stellite communities/smaller urban developments positioned
Satellite communities, smaller urban developments separated from the main part of the urban area, are visible throughout the Perth region. As infilling continues, the separation of these areas from the main city diminishes, leading to greater connectivity and expansion.
what is internal morphology
Internal morphology refers to the study of the layout of functions within a settlement and the processes and interactions that affect that layout.
The internal morphology is the land uses and transport patterns that are evident within the urban area
what does internal morphology refer to
Internal morphology refers to the layout of functions within a settlement, including land uses and transport patterns.
what does Perth concentrated around/rely on
In Perth, the built-up area is concentrated around the compact Central Business District (CBD), but the city also heavily relies on Outer Business Districts (OBDs) like Rockingham, Joondalup, Midland, and Armadale.
what is perths internal morphology influenced by
Perth’s internal morphology is influenced by its natural features, such as the Swan River, Darling Scarp, and the Indian Ocean, as well as cultural values like the Australian dream and desire for coastal living.
The city’s sprawling nature and the location of its functional zones are shaped by these influences, and its extensive road and rail networks facilitate connectivity and functionality.
what can Perth be divided into
Perth can be divided into eight functional zones:
Central Business District,
Inner Mixed Zone,
Established Residential Zone,
Newer Growth Zone,
Industrial Zones,
Rural-Urban Fringe,
Outer Business Districts,
Special Purpose Zones.
Each zone has distinct characteristics and contributes to the overall functioning of the urban area.
describe the CBD zone
This is the core of the metropolitan area and is recognisable by its grid like street patterns and high-density buildings such as the high-rise buildings on the skyline
The CBD of Perth is the core of the metropolitan area, characterized by grid-like street patterns and high-density buildings, mainly commercial and administrative with limited residential areas.
what is perth location influenced by
Its location is influenced by historical factors as it was the original settlement established in 1829, chosen for its access to fresh water and connection to the hinterland, but restricted by the presence of Mount Eliza and the Swan River.
what does the CBD serve as
The CBD serves as a central transport node, with all train services converging here and extensive bus and road networks linking it to the rest of the city
what does high land value in the CBD lead to
High land value in the CBD leads to a competitive use of space and high-density development, with vertical zonation evident in high-rise buildings and horizontal zonation seen in the aggregation of businesses in particular areas (e.g., banking on St Georges Terrace and retail on Hay and Murray Streets).
what is the CBD
The CBD is a dynamic zone, constantly evolving to meet changing demands, with a mix of modern developments and historical landmarks like heritage buildings that reflect its significance as the initial settlement area.
what is the inner mixed zone
This is a transitional zone located just beyond the boundaries of the CBD and includes suburbs such as Northbridge, West Perth, East Perth and Highgate
what are examples of the inner mixed zone
The Inner Mixed Zone (IMZ) is a transitional zone located just beyond the boundaries of the CBD, including suburbs like Northbridge, West Perth, East Perth, and Highgate.
what are some of the facilities that include inner mixed zone
The IMZ has the largest level of mixed-use functions, incorporating residential, commercial, recreational/entertainment, light industry, transport, and administrative activities.
why are businesses attracted to the inner mixed zone
Businesses are attracted to the IMZ due to factors like high accessibility, cheaper land values and overheads, less parking and traffic congestion challenges compared to the CBD.
what does the process of invasio a nd succession make
makes the IMZ dynamic and constantly changing, with businesses pushing out from the CBD and invading residential areas, leading to the conversion of houses to commercial purposes.
what does the inner mixed zone experience
The IMZ experiences mixed ethnicity and economic diversity, with different areas attracting different ethnic clusters and housing ranging from upmarket apartments to poorer housing.
why can urban blight occur
Urban blight can occur when properties are left rundown due to the potential for future redevelopment, leading to urban renewal projects like the East Perth Redevelopment Project.
describe the established resident zone and give examples
This is the largest functional zone within the metropolitan area and is denominated by the housing function. This zone contains the older suburbs of Perth and includes suburbs such as Claremont, Leedervile, Mount Lawley, Subiaco and Victoria Park.
what does the inner residential zone exhibits
a wide variation in housing density, with some areas experiencing increased density through consolidation, infilling, and the construction of apartments and unit developments.
describe the land within the inner residential zone
Land values within the IRZ vary greatly based on suburb location and attractiveness, with higher-priced areas like Claremont compared to more affordable areas like Morley.
Houses in this zone are generally older, with established gardens and good access to various services, including shopping centres, health facilities, cultural amenities, parks, and public transport.
describe the demographic within the inner residential zone
The demographics of the IRZ typically include an older population who have aged with the suburb or higher socio-economic individuals who can afford to live in the area.
what is Gentrification and what does it cause
Gentrification is observed in some inner-city areas, where middle-income residents renovate and improve the aesthetics of the neighbourhood, leading to increased property values and pricing out lower-income residents to areas with fewer services and infrastructure.
what is the new growth zone
This is the new growth zone of residential development and tends to be located on the outer boundary of the established residential area and often adjoining the Rural-Urban Fringe. In some cases, it may exist as ‘satellite suburbs’ or developments beyond the metropolitan area’s existing boundary.
what suburbs does the new growth zone include
The New Growth Zone (NGZ) includes suburbs like Alkimos, Aveley, and Baldivis, where new residential areas continue to grow due to the development of transport routes and increasing willingness of people to live further from the urban core.
describe the land in new growth zone
Houses in the NGZ are newer, modern project homes with less established gardens, and entire subdivisions can be quickly built, resulting in similarities in housing designs.
Street layouts in newer areas tend to follow a “quadrant cell” design, with houses surrounding green open spaces or recreational areas.
what do new areas lack
Newer areas lack access to services and infrastructure initially, as they wait for the population to grow enough to support such amenities.
who does the new growth zone attract
The NGZ attracts a younger population, including young families, as land values are lower and more affordable. This zone is a result of urban sprawl and involves the invasion of the Rural-Urban Fringe, with housing estates replacing previous rural land uses like horticultural market gardens. Density in the NGZ is increasing due to consolidation and infilling, driven by planning frameworks like Directions 2031 and Perth and Peel@3.5million.
what does the industrial areas comprise of
This zone is comprised of light, medium and heavy industrial functions.
what are suburbs of that represent the industrial areas in perth
The light and medium industrial areas in Perth, such as Myaree, Osborne Park, and Welshpool, are scattered throughout the metropolitan area. Heavy industry, on the other hand, is located further away from residential areas, specifically in Kwinana, about 40 kilometres south of the CBD.
what do industrial zones exhibit
Industrial zones exhibit agglomeration, where industrial functions cluster together to benefit from shared services and infrastructure, such as main transport routes.
what has influenced the location of industrial areas
- The development of different modes of transportation, like the port of Fremantle and access to Reid Highway Ring Road in Malaga, has influenced the location of industrial areas, leading to a move away from inner-city industrial zones.
what do industrial areas require
Industrial areas require larger amounts of land for processing and associated buildings, leading to space-intensive land use and larger block sizes. Consequently, they are generally located further away from the CBD where land is more affordable.
describe the conflicts that occur within industrial land and what can be done
Industrial land uses can create conflicts with neighbouring residential areas due to their unsightly, noisy, and polluting nature.
To mitigate these conflicts, careful planning is undertaken to segregate industrial zones from residential areas, often using buffer zones to separate them and ensuring they are located on less suitable sites for residential purposes.
where is Perths rural-urban fringe located
Perth’s Rural-Urban Fringe is located on the outer edge of the metropolitan area. This is the zone in which urban land use and rural land use converge, such as in Cardup, Mundaring, Upper Swan and Wanneroo.
what is the rural-urban fringe characterised by
The Rural-Urban Fringe (RUF) is characterized by mixed land use, incorporating rural, residential, industrial, recreational, and special purpose functions like prisons, speedways, viticulture, and new growth residential dwellings.
why is land use conflicts common in the rural-urban fringe?
Land use conflict is common in the RUF due to the coexistence of different functions, particularly between undesirable functions like industrial or special purpose areas and surrounding rural or residential areas. Conflict can also arise between encroaching residential developments and original rural functions.
what is happening to the rural-urban fringe as urban areas expand
The RUF is dynamic and constantly transitioning as urban areas expand, invading what was previously rural land. Some areas may experience “leap-frogging” of residential developments, such as isolated communities like Ellenbrook.
what is the urban shadow effect
The urban shadow effect is evident in the RUF, where rural landowners may neglect their properties in anticipation of lucrative offers to purchase their land for future residential housing estates.
what does the rural urban fringe attract due to lower land values
Located on the outer edge of the metropolitan area with lower land values, the RUF attracts space extensive functions like intensive agriculture, industrial operations, special purpose areas, and recreational facilities. Additionally, important protected areas and recreational zones are also found in this zone due to the availability of appropriate land.
describe the outer business district
These zones within Perth are dispersed throughout the metropolitan area, often in accessible locations amongst the residential zone, such as Joondalup, Midland and Rockingham
where are outer businesses districts located
Outer Business Districts (OBDs) in metropolitan Perth are strategically located along major transport routes, such as Scarborough Beach Road and Mitchell Freeway.
what is the main purpose of outer business districts
The main purpose of OBDs is to decentralize job opportunities from the CBD and provide various services to the general population in easily accessible locations, served by bus routes, train lines, and main roads.
describe the hierarchy of outer business districts
There is a hierarchy of OBDs in Perth, with smaller districts like local stores and malls (e.g., Dianella Plaza) and Amear pattern locations (e.g., Beaufort Street in Mount Lawley or Albany Highway in Victoria Park). Larger districts include shopping centers such as Galleria in Morley, Garden City in Booragoon, and Lakeside Joondalup.
what is the predominant function in outer business districts
Retail is the predominant function in OBDs, but they also offer health, business, and professional services.
what do outer business districts experience
OBDs experience the process of aggregation, where similar businesses come together for consumer convenience, like businesses along Scarborough Beach Road.
what are special purpose zones
These zones are generally scattered and unevenly distributed throughout the metropolitan area. They include functions that cannot be easily categorised and are often space extensive
where were special purpose zones originally located
Special Purpose Zones (SPZs) in metropolitan Perth were originally located on the outer edge but have been surrounded by residential functions due to urban expansion.
special purpose zones serve what specific functions
SPZs serve specific functions such as education facilities, prisons, waste disposal sites, airports, recreational areas, parks, reserves, cemeteries, and unique facilities like the SAS headquarters.
where are many special purpose zones situated
Many SPZs are situated further from inner city areas, taking advantage of cheaper and more available land.
what is done to segregate certain special purpose zones from residential areas
Planning is done to segregate certain SPZs from residential areas, especially if they are considered undesirable (e.g., airports, prisons, rubbish tips), to prevent potential land use conflicts.
