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A&P 224 > The Heart > Flashcards

The Heart Flashcards

1
Q

Heart size

A

About size of your fist

250-350g

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2
Q

Heart sound

A

Down-out, caused by closing and vibrations of valves

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3
Q

Heart location

A

Inferior mediastinum
-resting against vertebral bodies on posterior side
-eternal attachments of ribs 2-6

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4
Q

Where is pectinate muscle found

A

Atrium

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5
Q

Trabeculae carneae is found where

A

Ventricles

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6
Q

Projections of muscles from right and left ventricular walls that attach to the atrioventricular valves via chordae tendineae

A

Papillary muscles

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7
Q

Extend from inferior end of each cusps and attach to papillary muscle that contract just before ventricles begin ejecting blood.
-creates tension on chordae tendineae which keeps valves closed.

A

Chordae tendineae

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8
Q

Internal surface of right atrium has muscular ridges on its anterior side

A

Pectinate muscles (musculi pectinate)

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9
Q

Ensures valves work properly

A

Trabeculae carneae

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10
Q

Inflammation of the inner lining of hearts chambers and valves

A

Endocarditis

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11
Q

Inflammation of the pericardial sac

A

Pericarditis

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12
Q

Chest pain or discomfort that keeps coming back. Happens when some part of the heart doesn’t get enough blood and oxygen.

A

Angina pectoris

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13
Q

Build up of fatty material called plaques in the coronary arteries, results in

A

Coronary artery disease

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14
Q

Heart attack, normally occurs when plaques in the coronary arteries rupture and a clot forms that obstructs blood flow to the myocardium

A

Myocardial infarction (MI)

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15
Q

Coronary artery disease decrease blood flow to the myocardium, which decreases its oxygenation.

A

Myocardial ischemia

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16
Q

Pericardial sac becomes filled with excess fluid expands toward the heart because the fibrous pericardium is strong but not flexible which causes pressure to outside and squeezing the heart reducing capacity of ventricles to fill with blood and compressing amount of blood pumped with each beat.
(Potential causes: trauma, certain cancers, kidney failure, recent thoracic surgery or HIV)

A

Cardiac tamponade

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17
Q

Calcium deposits have built up in the cusps, making them hard and inflexible. Blood flows through the stenotic valve with difficulty and often the heart must pump harder to eject blood through it

A

Stenosis of a valve

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18
Q

Blood clot that forms in the blood vessels or arteries of the heart. The clot may obstruct blood flow partially or completely

A

Coronary thrombosis

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19
Q

Fails to close fully and allows blood to leak backwards

A

Valve insufficiency

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20
Q

Formerly know as congestive heart failure, is any condition that reduces the hearts ability to function effectively as a pump.

Causes: reduced contractility due to myocardial ischemia and or myocardial infarction, valvular heart disease, any disease of heart muscle itself and electrolyte imbalances

A

Heart failure

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21
Q

Problem with your heart beat signal moving from the upper and lower part of your heart. The signal can only get through sometimes or not at all. This makes your heartbeat slowly or skip a beat.

A

Heart block

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22
Q

Both stenosis and valance insufficiency may cause an audible “swooshing” of blood when the heart beats

A

Heart murmur

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23
Q

Heart rate over 100 bpm, sinus tachycardia is a regular fast rhythm

A

Tachycardia

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24
Q

Heart rate under 60 bpm

A

Bradycardia

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25
Q

The electrical activity in the heart essentially goes haywire, causing parts of the heart to depolarize and contract while others are depolarizing and not contracting

A

Fibrillation

26
Q

Tests using x-rays to look at the hearts blood vessels called coronary arteries. Usually done to see if a blood vessel is narrow or block ed. Most often used to diagnose coronary artery disease

A

Coronary angiography

27
Q

Invasive procedure, a ballon is inflated in the blocked artery and a piece of wire -mesh tubing called a stent may be inserted into the artery to keep it open.

A

Coronary angioplasty

28
Q

Group of medication that limit how your body uses the essential mineral calcium, used to treat high BP and heart rhythms

A

Calcium channel blockers

29
Q

A mechanism by which a ventricular muscle cell of the heart contracts more forcefully when it is stretched

A

Frank-starling Law

30
Q

Extra heart beats that begin in one of the hearts two lower pumping chambers (ventricles) these extra beats disrupt the regular heart rhythm, sometimes causing a sensation of fluttering or a skipped beat in the chest

A

PVC (premature ventricular contraction)

31
Q

Abnormal heart rhythm that originates in the hearts ventricles. Characterized by fast heart rate, typically greater than 100 bpm. VT can be life threatening if it lasts for more than a few seconds

A

VT ventricular tachycardia

32
Q

Amount of blood ejected from right or left ventricle with each beat (= EDV (end diastolic volume) - ESV (end systolic volume). Determine by the preload

A

Stroke volume

33
Q

Amount of blood pumped out by each ventricle in 1 minute (=HR x SV)

A

Cardiac output

34
Q

Length/degree of stretch of sarcomeres in the ventricular cells of heart before they contract

A

Preload

35
Q

Force that the right and left ventricles must overcome in order to eject blood into their respective arteries.

A

After load

36
Q

Heart is contracting

A

Systole

37
Q

Heart is relaxing

A

Diastole

38
Q

of heartbeats that occur in a set period of time

A

Heart rate

39
Q

The percentage of blood that consists of erythrocytes

A

Hematocrit

40
Q

The iron containing protein in erythrocytes that binds and carries oxygen through out blood

A

Hemoglobin

41
Q

Formation of erythrocytes

A

Erythropoiesis

42
Q

The process of differentiation and maturation of formed elements of blood

(Process that produces the formed elements in blood, occurs in red bone marrow)

A

Hematopoiesis

43
Q

Important test for anemia, blood is drawn and examined under a microscope or by an automated analyzer to evaluate the number and characteristics of blood cells.

A

CBC (complete blood count)

44
Q

Rupture of erythrocytes

A

Hemolysis

45
Q

A unique glycoprotein marker found on the surface of almost all cells and biological chemical substances

A

Antigen

46
Q

A protein produced by activated B lymphocytes that binds to a specific antigen and facilitates its removal from a tissue

A

Antibody

47
Q

Antibodies cause bound antigens to clump together

A

Agglutination

48
Q

Inherited protein found on surface of red blood cells. If your blood had the protein you’re Rh positive. If your blood doesn’t have the protein you’re Rh negative

A

Rh factor

49
Q

An Rh-negative mother carries and gives birth to a Rh-positive fetus

A

HDN- hemolytic disease of the newborn

50
Q

Body produces too many red blood cells

A

Polycythemia

51
Q

Caused by variant or missing genes that affect how the body makes hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that carry oxygen. People with thalassemia make less hemoglobin and have fewer circulating red blood cells than normal

A

Thalassemia

52
Q

The collection of excess water in the interstitial fluid and results in swelling

A

Edema

53
Q

Decreased oxygen carrying capacity of blood, symptoms include: pallor (pale skin and nail beds) fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath

A

Anemia

54
Q

Abnormal hemoglobin- individuals with 2 copies of the defective gene-they produce an abnormal hemoglobin called hemoglobin S or HbS. When oxygen levels are low, the HbS proteins line up in a row forcing the erythrocytes into a curved “sickle” shape cell which gets stuck in capillary beds leading to ischemia and tissue damage

A

Sickle cell disease/ anemia

55
Q

Inhibits production of the vitamin k dependent clotting factors by the liver (factors II, VII, IX, X). However, this does not effect clotting factors already in the plasma, so the drug requires 2-3 days to show notable effect.

A

Warfarin

56
Q

Inhibits platelet aggregation, and nitric oxide which causes vasodilation

  • a prostaglandin a group of chemicals with many functions including triggering inflammation. Ibuprofen anti inflammatory medication inhibits prostaglandin formation.
A

Prostacyclin

57
Q

Anticoagulant, protein antithrombin-III (AT-III) binds and inhibits the activity of both factor Xa and thrombin. It inhibits thrombin that has already formed and prevents the formation of new thrombin

A

Antithrombin

58
Q

Several cancers of blood cells and bone marrow, classified as cute or chronic

A

Leukemia

59
Q

Increased number of white blood cells (leukocytes) in the blood stream often indicating an immune response to infection, inflammation or other stimuli

A

Leukocytosis

60
Q

Decrease in number of leukocytes (WBC)

A

Leucopenia

61
Q

Yellowing of the skin and whites of eyes. Caused by accumulation of bilirubin (a yellow substance found inside red blood cells), bilirubin is cleared out of body in bile which drains from the liver and gallbladder.

-occurs due to over production of bile, congenital defects, liver disease, regurgitation of bilirubin or obstruction of bile ducts.

A

Jaundice

62
Q

Clotting protein deficiency:

A- caused by shortage of factor VIII
B- inadequate factor IX

A

Hemophilia

A&P 224 (11 decks)

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