The Heart Flashcards by Tayler Schatteman

Heart size

About size of your fist

250-350g

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Heart sound

Down-out, caused by closing and vibrations of valves

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Heart location

Inferior mediastinum
-resting against vertebral bodies on posterior side
-eternal attachments of ribs 2-6

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Where is pectinate muscle found

Atrium

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Trabeculae carneae is found where

Ventricles

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Projections of muscles from right and left ventricular walls that attach to the atrioventricular valves via chordae tendineae

Papillary muscles

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Extend from inferior end of each cusps and attach to papillary muscle that contract just before ventricles begin ejecting blood.
-creates tension on chordae tendineae which keeps valves closed.

Chordae tendineae

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Internal surface of right atrium has muscular ridges on its anterior side

Pectinate muscles (musculi pectinate)

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Ensures valves work properly

Trabeculae carneae

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Inflammation of the inner lining of hearts chambers and valves

Endocarditis

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Inflammation of the pericardial sac

Pericarditis

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Chest pain or discomfort that keeps coming back. Happens when some part of the heart doesn’t get enough blood and oxygen.

Angina pectoris

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Build up of fatty material called plaques in the coronary arteries, results in

Coronary artery disease

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Heart attack, normally occurs when plaques in the coronary arteries rupture and a clot forms that obstructs blood flow to the myocardium

Myocardial infarction (MI)

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Coronary artery disease decrease blood flow to the myocardium, which decreases its oxygenation.

Myocardial ischemia

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Pericardial sac becomes filled with excess fluid expands toward the heart because the fibrous pericardium is strong but not flexible which causes pressure to outside and squeezing the heart reducing capacity of ventricles to fill with blood and compressing amount of blood pumped with each beat.
(Potential causes: trauma, certain cancers, kidney failure, recent thoracic surgery or HIV)

Cardiac tamponade

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Calcium deposits have built up in the cusps, making them hard and inflexible. Blood flows through the stenotic valve with difficulty and often the heart must pump harder to eject blood through it

Stenosis of a valve

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Blood clot that forms in the blood vessels or arteries of the heart. The clot may obstruct blood flow partially or completely

Coronary thrombosis

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Fails to close fully and allows blood to leak backwards

Valve insufficiency

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Formerly know as congestive heart failure, is any condition that reduces the hearts ability to function effectively as a pump.

Causes: reduced contractility due to myocardial ischemia and or myocardial infarction, valvular heart disease, any disease of heart muscle itself and electrolyte imbalances

Heart failure

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Problem with your heart beat signal moving from the upper and lower part of your heart. The signal can only get through sometimes or not at all. This makes your heartbeat slowly or skip a beat.

Heart block

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Both stenosis and valve insufficiency may cause an audible “swooshing” of blood when the heart beats

Heart murmur

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Heart rate over 100 bpm, sinus tachycardia is a regular fast rhythm

Tachycardia

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Heart rate under 60 bpm

Bradycardia

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The electrical activity in the heart essentially goes haywire, causing parts of the heart to depolarize and contract while others are depolarizing and not contracting

Fibrillation

Tests using x-rays to look at the hearts blood vessels called coronary arteries. Usually done to see if a blood vessel is narrow or block ed. Most often used to diagnose coronary artery disease

Coronary angiography

Invasive procedure, a ballon is inflated in the blocked artery and a piece of wire -mesh tubing called a stent may be inserted into the artery to keep it open.

Coronary angioplasty

Group of medication that limit how your body uses the essential mineral calcium, used to treat high BP and heart rhythms

Calcium channel blockers

A mechanism by which a ventricular muscle cell of the heart contracts more forcefully when it is stretched

Frank-starling Law

Extra heart beats that begin in one of the hearts two lower pumping chambers (ventricles) these extra beats disrupt the regular heart rhythm, sometimes causing a sensation of fluttering or a skipped beat in the chest

PVC (premature ventricular contraction)

Abnormal heart rhythm that originates in the hearts ventricles. Characterized by fast heart rate, typically greater than 100 bpm. VT can be life threatening if it lasts for more than a few seconds

VT ventricular tachycardia

Amount of blood ejected from right or left ventricle with each beat (= EDV (end diastolic volume) - ESV (end systolic volume). Determine by the preload

Stroke volume

Amount of blood pumped out by each ventricle in 1 minute (=HR x SV)

Cardiac output

Length/degree of stretch of sarcomeres in the ventricular cells of heart before they contract

Preload

Force that the right and left ventricles must overcome in order to eject blood into their respective arteries.

After load

Heart is contracting

Systole

Heart is relaxing

Diastole

# of heartbeats that occur in a set period of time

Heart rate

The percentage of blood that consists of erythrocytes

Hematocrit

The iron containing protein in erythrocytes that binds and carries oxygen through out blood

Hemoglobin

Formation of erythrocytes

Erythropoiesis

The process of differentiation and maturation of formed elements of blood (Process that produces the formed elements in blood, occurs in red bone marrow)

Hematopoiesis

Important test for anemia, blood is drawn and examined under a microscope or by an automated analyzer to evaluate the number and characteristics of blood cells.

CBC (complete blood count)

Rupture of erythrocytes

Hemolysis

A unique glycoprotein marker found on the surface of almost all cells and biological chemical substances

Antigen

A protein produced by activated B lymphocytes that binds to a specific antigen and facilitates its removal from a tissue

Antibody

Antibodies cause bound antigens to clump together

Agglutination

Inherited protein found on surface of red blood cells. If your blood had the protein you’re Rh positive. If your blood doesn’t have the protein you’re Rh negative

Rh factor

An Rh-negative mother carries and gives birth to a Rh-positive fetus

HDN- hemolytic disease of the newborn

Body produces too many red blood cells

Polycythemia

Caused by variant or missing genes that affect how the body makes hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that carry oxygen. People with thalassemia make less hemoglobin and have fewer circulating red blood cells than normal

Thalassemia

The collection of excess water in the interstitial fluid and results in swelling

Edema

Decreased oxygen carrying capacity of blood, symptoms include: pallor (pale skin and nail beds) fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath

Anemia

Abnormal hemoglobin- individuals with 2 copies of the defective gene-they produce an abnormal hemoglobin called hemoglobin S or HbS. When oxygen levels are low, the HbS proteins line up in a row forcing the erythrocytes into a curved “sickle” shape cell which gets stuck in capillary beds leading to ischemia and tissue damage

Sickle cell disease/ anemia

Inhibits production of the vitamin k dependent clotting factors by the liver (factors II, VII, IX, X). However, this does not effect clotting factors already in the plasma, so the drug requires 2-3 days to show notable effect.

Warfarin

Inhibits platelet aggregation, and nitric oxide which causes vasodilation - a prostaglandin a group of chemicals with many functions including triggering inflammation. Ibuprofen anti inflammatory medication inhibits prostaglandin formation.

Prostacyclin

Anticoagulant, protein antithrombin-III (AT-III) binds and inhibits the activity of both factor Xa and thrombin. It inhibits thrombin that has already formed and prevents the formation of new thrombin

Antithrombin

Several cancers of blood cells and bone marrow, classified as cute or chronic

Leukemia

Increased number of white blood cells (leukocytes) in the blood stream often indicating an immune response to infection, inflammation or other stimuli

Leukocytosis

Decrease in number of leukocytes (WBC)

Leucopenia

Yellowing of the skin and whites of eyes. Caused by accumulation of bilirubin (a yellow substance found inside red blood cells), bilirubin is cleared out of body in bile which drains from the liver and gallbladder. -occurs due to over production of bile, congenital defects, liver disease, regurgitation of bilirubin or obstruction of bile ducts.

Jaundice

Clotting protein deficiency: A- caused by shortage of factor VIII B- inadequate factor IX

Hemophilia