Aulner Reproductive System Flashcards
Male reproductive system functions
-produce and deliver gametes (sperm cells/egg cells)
-produce sex hormones (testosterone, estrogen, progesterone)
-fertilization/gestation (developing of embryo though fetus to newborn)
Sex cell=
gamete= haploid (1/2 normal chromosome #)
-For humans the normal # of chromosomes in a cell = 46, haploid cell would have 23
chromosomes in a cell.
How do we make these haploid cells →
through meiosis (producation of sex cells)-cellular division that produces 4 haploid cells (DNA replicates on time and cell divides two times)
Meiotic divisons happen in the
gonads, testes and ovaries (producation of sex cells/gametes)
Male reproductive organs are
Accessory glands: Seminal vesicle—Prostate gland and Bulbourethral gland
Ejaculatory duct
Urethra
Ductus deferens
Epididymis
Penis
Testis
Scrotum
Sperm production happens best around
2-5 degrees
Fahrenheit below body temp
where sperm cells are being stored.
Epididymis
where sperm is ejaculated from into vas deferens
Tail of the epididymis
Help regulate body temp of testes
Dartose & Cremaster
muscle
allows movement of testes
Dartos muscle
extension of internal oblique muscle allows testes to move up when it contracts or down when relaxing.
Cremaster muscle
When warm→ dartos muscle and cremaster do what
Dartos muscle relaxes and cremaster muscle relaxes, testes hang low and farther apart in an effort to keep them cooler.
When cold → testes do what
testes lift up toward body cavity and pulled closer together to conserve temp
pituitary gland makes this & necessary to produce sperm (spermatogenesis).
FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)
pituitary gland makes this and is necessary to continue process of spermatogenesis. (triggers testosterone production)
LH (Luteinizing hormone)
hormone that stimulates spermatogenesis and development of male sex characteristics.
Testosterone
produce & secrete androgens, mostly testosterone (target of hormone LH)
Interstitial cells
where sperm cells are made (Cells lining the seminiferous tubules are target cells of FSH)
Seminiferous tubule
cells that are the targets of the hormone FSH from anterior pituitary gland, these cells guard house, protect, guide and develop sperm cells. When FSH hit nurse cells, they will be stimulated to develop these sperm cells spermatogonia to spermatids.
Nurse cells
will release hormone Inhibit protein hormone that tells hypothalamus to reduce FSH release.
Nurse cells
an immature, not fully developed sperm set and form in the seminiferous tubules.
Spermatid
What happens to unused sperm cells?
Macrophages come in, shred unused sperm cells up
Formation of sperm cells that takes place in testes is called…
spermatogenesis (maturing from
spermatozoa to sperm cell)
spermatid → sperm cell
Spermiogenesis
process of sperm cell development, (male meiosis) happens in seminiferous tubules.
Spermatogenesis
the maturation process of
sperm, happen in the
epididymis
Spermiogenesis
Produces sperm cells as well as testosterone and inhibin
Testes
Promotes sperm.cell maturation: stores sperm; moves sperm cells
to ductus deferens
Epididymis
Stores sperm; moves sperm to
ejaculatory duct
Ductus deferens
Transports sperm from ductus
deferens into urethra
Ejaculatory duct
Transports semen out of penis
Urethra
Secretes alkaline fluid with nutrients, prostaglandins, and a coagulating enzyme that support sperm, enhance their motility.
and maintain semen in the female reproductive tract after ejaculation
Seminal vesicle
blocks the enzyme that breaks down the smooth muscle relaxer (cyclin GMP)
• not an erection causing drug, but it is a drug that makes an erection easier to achieve or last longer
• Should never take Viagra or other arterial relaxers along with vasodilators to control blood pressure or you will probably go into hypertensive death.
Viagra
Explain how spermatogenesis is controlled by hormones
Hypothalamus secretes GRH to stimulate the secretions of FSH and LH in anterior pituitary gland. LH target interstitial cells and stimulate the release of testosterone and other androgens. FSH and testosterone stimulate nurse cells to promote spermatogenesis.
Describe what occurs during male ejaculation
Vas deferens (tubes that store & transport semen from testes) contract to squeeze semen toward base of penis.
60% total volume of semen
•Fructose
Prostaglandins
Clotting factors
•Secretes alkaline fluid with nutrients, prostaglandins, enhance their motility, (Start them swimming)
Seminal vesicles
30% of semen total volume
Secretes slightly alkaline fluid
function as an anticoagulant: also has immunological functions
Prostate gland
Prostate gland releases antibiotic called
Seminal plasmin) to protect sperm cells
5% total semen volume
Secretes mucus to lubricate glans penis and neutralize acidic traces of urine in urethra
Pre-ejaculatory fluid
Bulbourothral gland
Encloses, protects, and regulates temperature of testes
Scrotum
Moves urine and semen out of body: inserts into vagina during intercourse to deposit semen
Penis
Explain how the scrotum and the descent of the testes aid in sperm cell formation
Scrotum (bag of skin that holds/protects testes). Outside of body to help lower temperature to help regulate sperm production. Testes (where sperm is made and produces hormone testosterone. Testes form in abdominal cavity adjacent to kidneys, but must descend into scrotum for normal spermatogenesis to take place
Process of erection in human males.
• Blood vessels of Corpora Cavernosa relax (arteries relax and open up letting more blood flow in, at the same time veins close up). Once blood is in penis pressure traps it within corpora caverosa. Your penis expands and holds erection. When inflow of blood stops the veins open causing your penis to become soft.
Primary sex characteristics are →
Gonads, tested and ovaries
Secondary sex characteristics are→
not gonads, facial hair in men, pelvic differences, breast production, breast activation.
type of cell division that produces gametes
Meiosis
