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A&P 224 > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of the digestive system?

A

Break down large macromolecules into smaller molecules so they can be absorbed into blood stream and delivered to cells

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2
Q

Carbohydrates break down into

A

Monosaccharides

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3
Q

Lipids break down into

A

-fatty acids and
-mono-glycerides

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4
Q

Proteins break down into

A

Amino acids

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5
Q

Monosaccharides have

-needs enzyme or no

A

-Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

-No need for digestive enzymes. Already in size that can be absorbed and moved into the blood stream.

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6
Q

Disaccharides: need enzymes to breakdown

A

*Maltose = Glucose—Glucose (Maltase)- beer sugar
•Sucrose = Glucose–Fructose (Sucrase)-table sugar
•Lactose = Glucose–Galactose (Lactase)-milk sugar

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7
Q

Polysaccharides: need enzymes to breakdown

A

•Starch (Amylose) = Glucose—Glucose–Glucose………..
•Amylase

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8
Q

What are the major macromolecules in food

A

*carbohydrates
-monosaccharide
-disaccharides
-polysaccharides

-proteins
-lipids
-nucleic acids

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9
Q

The Digestive Tract

-also called

-what is it?
-extends from?
-passes through —

A

-also called -gastrointestinal (GI) tract or alimentary canal

-A muscular tube made of smooth muscle

-Extends from oral cavity to anus

-Passes through pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestines

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10
Q

Functions ofThe Digestive Tract

A

*ingestion
*Mechanical Digestion
*Chemical Digestion
*Secretion
*Absorption
*defecation/elimination

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11
Q

Ingestion

A

When materials enter digestive tract by the mouth

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12
Q

Mechanical Digestion

A

•Crushing and shearing/mastication/muscle contractions
•Materials are easier to move along digestive tract

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13
Q

Chemical Digestion

A

•The chemical breakdown of food into small organic molecules for absorption by digestive epithelium

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14
Q

Secretion

A

The release of water, acids, enzymes, buffers, and salts
•By epithelium of digestive tract
•By glandular accessory organs

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15
Q

Absorption

A

•Movement of organic molecules, electrolytes, vitamins, and water across digestive epithelium
•Into interstitial fluid of digestive tract
•And then into the blood stream

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16
Q

Excretion

A

• Removal of waste products from body fluids
•Substances that were not completely digested
•Process called defecation removes feces

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17
Q

Propulsion and Mixing

A

•Propulsion is movement of food in down the G I tract—-uses parasitic contractions to help get food down

•Mixing is movement of food back and forth.

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18
Q

What are the major parts of the alimentary canal?

A

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum and anus.

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19
Q

Mesenteries

A

-Are double sheets of peritoneal membrane
-•Suspend portions of digestive tract within peritoneal cavity by sheets of serous membrane
•Connects parietal peritoneum with visceral peritoneum
•Provides an access route to and from the digestive tract
•For passage of blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels
•Stabilize positions of attached organs
•Prevent intestines from becoming entangled

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20
Q

The Dorsal Mesentery
Enlarges to form an enormous pouch, called

A

the greater omentum

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21
Q

Lesser Omentum

A

Stabilizes position of stomach
•Access route for blood vessels and other structures entering or leaving liver

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22
Q

Peritoneal Fluid is produced by

-provides what
-separates what?
-allows what?

-how much produced/absorbed daily?

A

-Is produced by serous membrane lining

-Provides essential lubrication

-Separates parietal and visceral surfaces
-Allows sliding without friction or irritation

About 7 liters produced and absorbed daily, but very little in peritoneal cavity at one time

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23
Q

Adipose Tissue in Greater Omentum

A

•Conforms to shapes of surrounding organs
•Pads and protects surfaces of abdomen
•Provides insulation to reduce heat loss
•Stores lipid energy reserves

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24
Q

Modifications of Digestive Tract

A

Folding increases surface area for absorption
•Longitudinal folds, disappear as digestive tract fills
•Permanent transverse folds (plicae circulares)

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25
Q

Four major layers of the digestive tract

A

1.Mucosa
2.Submucosa
3.Muscularis externa
4.Serosa

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26
Q

Mucosa is

A

Inner lining of digestive tract

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27
Q

Identify the folds of the mucous membrane within the lining of the stomach that allow for stretching of the stomach

A

Rugae

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28
Q

Identify the small dead-ended tube attached to the cecum

A

Appendix

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29
Q

The superior portion of the esophagus consists of ____ muscle and the inferior portion consists of____ muscle.

A

Skeletal, smooth

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30
Q

The valve that allows intestinal contents to move from the ileum to the large intestine is called the_____ valve

A

ileocecal valve

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31
Q

Bile salts are necessary to

A

Emulsify lipids

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32
Q

What are the functions of the digestive system

A

-defecation
-absorption
-ingestion
-mastication
-digestion

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33
Q

The emulsification of lipid’s primarily through the action of___ ____.

A

Bile salts

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34
Q

Primary function of the stomach is

A

Store and mix chyme

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35
Q

Majority of digestion occurs within the

A

Duodenum

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36
Q

Identify the structures that secrete lipases

A

-lingual glands
- pancreas

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37
Q

functions of mucus secretion in the large intestine

A

-protects intestinal lining
-lubricates colon wall

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38
Q

Order of food through digestive system starting with ingestion

A

1-mouth
2-pharynx (throat)
3- esophagus
4- stomach
5-small intestine
6- large intestine
7-rectum

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39
Q

Structure within mediastinum, posterior to the trachea is

A

Esophagus

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40
Q

The openings in the mucous membrane of the stomach that contain gastric glands are called ___ ____.

A

Gastric pits

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41
Q

Mechanical breakdown

A

Includes mastication and mixing of food

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42
Q

Digestion

A

Enzymatic action that breaks larger organic molecules down into smaller components.

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43
Q

Identify the secretions of small intestine

A

1-secretin
2-peptidases
3-disaccharides
4- cholecystokinin (CCK)
5- mucus

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44
Q

What substance stimulate gallbladder to release bile

A

Cholecystokinin

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45
Q

Process by which bile salts transform large lipid droplets into much smaller lipid droplets is called ?

A

Emulsification

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46
Q

Why is emulsification of lipids important

A

Emulsification increases surface area for digestive enzymes

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47
Q

Identify components of bile

A

1-cholesterol
2-bile salts
3-bilirubin

48
Q

Structures that secrete amylase

A

1- salivary glands
2- pancreas

49
Q

Place steps in production of hydrochloric acid in correct order

A

1-CO2 diffuses into parietal cells
2-CO2 combines with H2O to form H2CO3
3-H2CO3 dissociates into HCO3- and H+
4- HCO3- is exchanged for CL- within bloodstream

5- diffusion of Cl- into duct of gastric gland
6- H+ is pumped to the duct of gastric gland

50
Q

During stomach filling the rugae

A

Flatten and allow stomach to increase in volume

51
Q

Majority of nutrient absorption occurs in large intestine true or false

A

False

52
Q

Cardiac sphincter is

A

Constrictor between the esophagus and the stomach

53
Q

Pyloric sphincter

A

Constrictor between stomach and small intestine

54
Q

Fundus is

A

Rounded superior portion of stomach

55
Q

Pyloric part is

A

Lower part of stomach leading to small intestine

56
Q

Name outer most superficial layer of organs in digestive system

A

-serosa and adventitia

57
Q

Identify structures where lipid digestion occurs

A

Stomach, mouth, small intestine

58
Q

Enzyme of small intestine that activates trypsinogen is___

A

Enterokinase

59
Q

Match digestive enzymes with structure that secretes the enzyme :

1: Pepsin-
2-Peptidase
3- Amylase

A

1: stomach
2:small intestine
3: salivary glands

60
Q

Identify structures that secrete enzymes that aid in the digestion of PROTEINS

A

-small intestine, stomach and pancreas

61
Q

The semi- fluid material within the stomach that is a mixture of ingested food and gastric secretions ____

A

Chyme

62
Q

Disaccharides and proteases are enzymes secreted by the ____.

A

Small intestine

63
Q

Lipase does

A

Breaks down triglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides

64
Q

Pepsin does

A

Digests proteins into small polypeptide chains

65
Q

Disaccharides do

A

Break down disaccharide into monosaccharides

66
Q

Peptidases do

A

Breaks down small polypeptide chains into amino acids

67
Q

Identify layer of mucosa from inside out

A

Mucosa epithelium— lamina propria——muscularis mucosa

68
Q

Pancreatic amylase

A

Starch digestion

69
Q

Pancreatic lipase

A

Fat digestion

70
Q

Trypsin

A

Digests proteins

71
Q

Ribonuclease

A

Digests RNA

72
Q

The process that moves a bolus from the oral cavity into the esophagus is called swallowing or_____.

A

Deglutition

73
Q

Bicarbonate ion

A

Raise the pH of small intestine

74
Q

Proteolytic enzymes are

A

Chemical digestion of proteins

75
Q

Amylase is

A

Chemical digestion of polysaccharides

76
Q

Lipases

A

Chemical digestion of fats

77
Q

The ______ moves food with the mouth, holds food in place during mastication, aids in swallowing and detects taste sensations

A

Tongue

78
Q

The pancreatic islets produce_____ and the acini of the pancreas produce ____.

A

Hormones and digestive enzymes

79
Q

Mucosa

A

Consists of epithelial lining
-a layer of connective tissue referred to as lamina propria and a thin layer of muscle

80
Q

Muscularis

A

Throughout most of digestive tract, this layer consists of two layers of smooth muscle

81
Q

Serosa

A

Consists of a thin layer of connective tissue and simple squamous

82
Q

Submucosa

A

Consists of a THICK layer connective tissue containing nerves, blood vessels lymphatic and glands

83
Q

Structures that secrete enzymes that aid in chemical digestion of CARBOHYDRATES

A

Salivary glands, pancreas, small intestine

84
Q

Intrinsic factors is secreted by the organ called the

A

Stomach

85
Q

Identify nutrients that will be absorbed into the capillaries of small intestine

A

Amino acids and monosaccharides

86
Q

Match digestive enzyme with structure that secrets the enzyme

1: Trypsin
2:disaccharides
3: bile salts

A

1:pancreas
2: small intestine
3: liver

87
Q

Enzymes do what

A

Break down of large food molecules into smaller food molecule La to promote absorption

88
Q

Mucus does what

A

Lubricates food and protects lining of digestive tract

89
Q

Teniae coli are bands of longitudinal muscle of the ___ that form haustra

A

Colon

90
Q

Digestive organ that primarily functions as a storage and mixing chamber

A

Stomach

91
Q

Substance that aid in digestion of PROTEINS

A

Peptidases, trypsin, carboxypeptidases, pepsin

92
Q

Secretions of the stomach

A
  • Gastrin
    -intrinsic factor
    -mucus
    -hydrochloric acid
    -pepsinogen
93
Q

Function of gallbladder

A

Storage of bile and
Concentration of bile

94
Q

Hydrochloric acid does what

A

Destroys ingested bacteria and activates pepsin

95
Q

Gastrin does

A

Stimulates gastric secretions

96
Q

Intrinsic factor

A

AIDS in absorption of vitamin B12

97
Q

Pepsinogen

A

Active form aids in breaking down proteins into smaller peptide chains

98
Q

Mucus protect what’s

A

Protects lining of stomach

99
Q

Identify the ducts that bile passes through beginning with the gallbladder and ending with the small intestine

A

1:cystic duct
2: common bile duct
3:hepatopancreatic ampulla
4: duodenum

100
Q

Place parts of colon in order from beginning to end

A

1-ascending colon
2-transverse colon
3-descending colon
4- sigmoid colon

101
Q

Submucosal plexus controls ___ and the myenteric plexus controls——

A

Glandular secretions——

Movement of the digestive tract

102
Q

The pancreatic islets is the _____ part of the pancreas’s and acini is the ___ part of the pancreas’s

A

Endocrine———- exocrine

103
Q

Identify functions of hydrochloride acid in stomach

A

-destroys ingested bacteria
-inactivates salivary amylase
-activates pepsin

104
Q

Process by which water is absorbed into small intestine is

A

Osmosis

105
Q

Lipase is

A

Breaks down triglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides

106
Q

Vitamin B12 absorption occurs when____ ____ is present in the small intestine

A

Intrinsic factor

107
Q

Hydrochloric acid activates what

A

Activates pepsin

108
Q

Enterokinase activates what

A

Activates trypsin

109
Q

Bike salts do what

A

Emulsifies lipids

110
Q

Hydrochloric acid (secretion) —-what organ produces it

A

Stomach

111
Q

Trypsinogen—- what organ produces it

A

Pancreas

112
Q

Peptidases—- what organ produces it

A

Small intestine

113
Q

Majority of nutrients absorption occurs in

A

-duodenum and jejunum

114
Q

What is bile ?

A

A substance produced by hepatocytes

115
Q

In digestive system creates amount of digestion and absorption occurs in the

A

SMALL intestine

A&P 224 (11 decks)

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