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A&P 224 > Aulner Nutrition And Metabloism > Flashcards

Aulner Nutrition And Metabloism Flashcards

1
Q

Cells want to use what to make ATP

A

Glucose

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2
Q

Once glucose enters the cell, cell can now do something with the glucose and can run it through the 3 chemical reactions:

A

1) glycolysis
2) Krebs (citric acid) cycle
3) Electron transport chain

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3
Q

(happens in cytoplasm of cell), breaking glucose in half into 2 pyruvates (3 carbon chains) when doing this 1 glucose enters, some energy is released and makes +2 ATPS (through substrate level phosphorylation)→ 2 NADH molecules and 2 pyruvates.

A

Glycolysis

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4
Q

Glycolysis makes how many ATPs, NADH and pyruvate

A

2- ATPS
2NADH
2 pyruvate

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5
Q

(pyruvate into Acetyl CoA) happens after glycolysis- 2 Pyruvate go into it and lose a couple carbons.

A

The conversion step

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6
Q

Coming out of Conversion step

A

+2 NADH, +2 CO2 (carbon dioxides) & 2 Acetyl
CoA (that will enter the Krebs cycle

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7
Q

What happens to the 2 pyruvates?

A

-Oxygen present= the 2 pyruvates will go into mitochondria (starting Krebs cycle)

-No oxygen present= convert pyruvate to lactates or lactic acid

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8
Q

What doesn’t enter the Krebs cycle and what does enter the Krebs cycle

A

Pyruvate’s don’t enter krebs

Acetyl CoA enter Krebs cycle

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9
Q

Conversion of pyruvate into acetyl CoA) NOT a part of Krebs Cycle

A

Happens before Krebs cycle after glycolysis

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10
Q
  • (happen in mitochondria), 2 Acetyl CoA enter Krebs cycle goes around releasing (+2 ATPs, +2 FADH2, +6NADH, 4 CO2)
A

Krebs (citric acid) cycle

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11
Q

happen in mitochondria)
• High electron (e-) brought in with NADH and FADH2, can pass from protein to protein inside mitochondria. H+ brought in from NADH and FADH2 are pumped using energy from e- through protein into mitochondria. The e- at the end get tired and go to 02 (final electron acceptor).

A

Electron transport chain

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12
Q

What is the final electron acceptor

A

Oxygen

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13
Q

What does NADH AND FADH2 bring in to mitochondria

A

High electrons and H+ (hydrogen ions)

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14
Q

Why do we pump the hydrogens (H+) from one side of membrane to the other?

A

to let them come back through ATP synthase (protein), every time H+ come back you make a new ATP (total +32 ATPS and +H20 made by oxidative phosphorylation

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15
Q

**Starting with one glucose→ able to produce how many ATPs using aerobic respiration.

A

+36 ATPs

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16
Q

Can we use lipids to generate ATP?

A

Sure, we can, change fatty acids into Acetyl Coa and can stick them into Krebs cycle (no glycolysis at all).
• PROBLEM= this creates ketones (acidic) as waste = ketoacidosis

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17
Q

Can we use amino acids to generate ATPS?

A

Some amino acids can convert into Acetyl CoA, put that in Krebs cycle

• Problem can get ketones (acidic) and can be dangerous, and Nitrogen waste.

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18
Q

Can we use amino acids or fatty acids to create glucose?

A

• Yes, it’s not easy, it uses lots of energy (liver). Would have to change a fatty acid into a carbohydrate and an amino acid into carbohydrate. It’s called:
Gluconeogenesis=making glucose from a non-carbohydrate molecule

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19
Q

making glucose from a non-carbohydrate molecule

A

Gluconeogenesis

20
Q

translation (done by liver) have a lipid or fatty acid converted into a carbohydrate/glucose, take a carbohydrate convert into Amino acid.
(changing chemical language)

A

Nutrient molecule interconversion

21
Q

• Feces enters rectum and distends the wall; The internal sphincter relaxes (has more peristalsis so you don’t poop at the wrong time you contract the external sphincter)
Internal anal sphincter - involuntary
External anal sphincter - Voluntary

A

Defecation reflex

22
Q

the grand total of ALL the chemical reactions in the body

A

Metabolism

23
Q

(taking apart) taking a large polysaccharide (many glucoses) and breaking it apart into individual monosaccharides

A

Catabolism

24
Q

(building) building larger molecules from smaller molecules

A

Anabolism

25
Q

No oxygen present

A

Anaerobic

26
Q

Oxygen present

A

Aerobic

27
Q

adding phosphate group to a per-existing molecule
Example: ADP + P (phosphate) → ATP (add a phosphate to molecule to give it one more phosphate)

A

Phosphorylation

28
Q

simple transfer of a phosphate of one molecule to another. (How we do it in glycolysis and the Krebs cycle)

A

Substrate level phosphorylation

29
Q

electrons (e-) are taken from an organic compound (like glucose) and the electrons pass through a series of electron acceptors and give up energy along the way used to attach phosphates. (Energy from electrons is used for phosphorylation)
-Got to have membranes (mitochondria), electron acceptors (02 is final one), electrons.

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

30
Q

usually refers to the catabolism (breaking down) of food/nutrient molecules and using energy (e-) released to form ATPs. We use this energy that we got from these molecules we break down for phosphorylation (adding ATPs)

A

Cell Metabolism/Respiration

31
Q

To make ATPs→ have to perform

A

phosphorylation, which occurs at either substrate level (trading a phosphate from one place to another) or oxidative phosphorylation

32
Q

Describe the role of 02 in aerobic respiration.

A

02 is used as the final electron acceptor for the e- transport chain in cellular respiration. It allows electrons and H+ to pass through and creates ATPS

33
Q

Where does aerobic respiration take place?

A

takes place in cytoplasm (glycolysis) and mitochondria (Kres cycle and electron transport chain). Occurs with oxygen and releases more energy

34
Q

Where does anaerobic respiration take place?

A

only In cytoplasm, occurs without oxygen and releases oxygen.

35
Q

produces lactic acid, anaerobic respiration (occurs in the presence of no oxygen)

A

Lactic acid fermentation

36
Q

chemical body produces when your cells break down carbohydrates for energy.

A

Lactic acid

37
Q

Rate at which body uses energy at rest, usually in calories/day or Calories/hour

A

Basal metabolic rate

38
Q

nutrients we can’t make, must be eaten

A

Essential nutrients

39
Q

nutrients known by their element names, (Fe-iorn, Zn- zinc, Ca-calcium, K-potassium, Na-sodium)

A

Minerals

40
Q

nutritional name for Co enzymes

A

Vitamins

41
Q

can’t be made by the body, must be eaten

A

Essential amino acids

42
Q

include vitamins C and B, polar bonds and hydrophilic and soluble in water.

A

Water soluble vitamins

43
Q

chemical compound (protein, fat, carbohydrate, vitamin or mineral) contained in foods.

A

Nutrient

44
Q

kilo calorie, 1,000 calories

A

Calorie

45
Q

a protein that provides all nine essential amino acids

A

Complete proteins

46
Q

similar to cholesterol and have one or more hydrocarbon rings and long hydrocarbon chains. They are non-polar and hydrophobic. vitamins A, D, E and K

A

Fat soluble vitamins

47
Q
  • a type of unstable molecule that is made during normal cell metabolism
A

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A&P 224 (11 decks)

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