Aulner Nutrition And Metabloism Flashcards
Cells want to use what to make ATP
Glucose
Once glucose enters the cell, cell can now do something with the glucose and can run it through the 3 chemical reactions:
1) glycolysis
2) Krebs (citric acid) cycle
3) Electron transport chain
(happens in cytoplasm of cell), breaking glucose in half into 2 pyruvates (3 carbon chains) when doing this 1 glucose enters, some energy is released and makes +2 ATPS (through substrate level phosphorylation)→ 2 NADH molecules and 2 pyruvates.
Glycolysis
Glycolysis makes how many ATPs, NADH and pyruvate
2- ATPS
2NADH
2 pyruvate
(pyruvate into Acetyl CoA) happens after glycolysis- 2 Pyruvate go into it and lose a couple carbons.
The conversion step
Coming out of Conversion step
+2 NADH, +2 CO2 (carbon dioxides) & 2 Acetyl
CoA (that will enter the Krebs cycle
What happens to the 2 pyruvates?
-Oxygen present= the 2 pyruvates will go into mitochondria (starting Krebs cycle)
-No oxygen present= convert pyruvate to lactates or lactic acid
What doesn’t enter the Krebs cycle and what does enter the Krebs cycle
Pyruvate’s don’t enter krebs
Acetyl CoA enter Krebs cycle
Conversion of pyruvate into acetyl CoA) NOT a part of Krebs Cycle
Happens before Krebs cycle after glycolysis
- (happen in mitochondria), 2 Acetyl CoA enter Krebs cycle goes around releasing (+2 ATPs, +2 FADH2, +6NADH, 4 CO2)
Krebs (citric acid) cycle
happen in mitochondria)
• High electron (e-) brought in with NADH and FADH2, can pass from protein to protein inside mitochondria. H+ brought in from NADH and FADH2 are pumped using energy from e- through protein into mitochondria. The e- at the end get tired and go to 02 (final electron acceptor).
Electron transport chain
What is the final electron acceptor
Oxygen
What does NADH AND FADH2 bring in to mitochondria
High electrons and H+ (hydrogen ions)
Why do we pump the hydrogens (H+) from one side of membrane to the other?
to let them come back through ATP synthase (protein), every time H+ come back you make a new ATP (total +32 ATPS and +H20 made by oxidative phosphorylation
**Starting with one glucose→ able to produce how many ATPs using aerobic respiration.
+36 ATPs
Can we use lipids to generate ATP?
Sure, we can, change fatty acids into Acetyl Coa and can stick them into Krebs cycle (no glycolysis at all).
• PROBLEM= this creates ketones (acidic) as waste = ketoacidosis
Can we use amino acids to generate ATPS?
Some amino acids can convert into Acetyl CoA, put that in Krebs cycle
• Problem can get ketones (acidic) and can be dangerous, and Nitrogen waste.
Can we use amino acids or fatty acids to create glucose?
• Yes, it’s not easy, it uses lots of energy (liver). Would have to change a fatty acid into a carbohydrate and an amino acid into carbohydrate. It’s called:
Gluconeogenesis=making glucose from a non-carbohydrate molecule
making glucose from a non-carbohydrate molecule
Gluconeogenesis
translation (done by liver) have a lipid or fatty acid converted into a carbohydrate/glucose, take a carbohydrate convert into Amino acid.
(changing chemical language)
Nutrient molecule interconversion
• Feces enters rectum and distends the wall; The internal sphincter relaxes (has more peristalsis so you don’t poop at the wrong time you contract the external sphincter)
Internal anal sphincter - involuntary
External anal sphincter - Voluntary
Defecation reflex
the grand total of ALL the chemical reactions in the body
Metabolism
(taking apart) taking a large polysaccharide (many glucoses) and breaking it apart into individual monosaccharides
Catabolism
(building) building larger molecules from smaller molecules
Anabolism
No oxygen present
Anaerobic
Oxygen present
Aerobic
adding phosphate group to a per-existing molecule
Example: ADP + P (phosphate) → ATP (add a phosphate to molecule to give it one more phosphate)
Phosphorylation
simple transfer of a phosphate of one molecule to another. (How we do it in glycolysis and the Krebs cycle)
Substrate level phosphorylation
electrons (e-) are taken from an organic compound (like glucose) and the electrons pass through a series of electron acceptors and give up energy along the way used to attach phosphates. (Energy from electrons is used for phosphorylation)
-Got to have membranes (mitochondria), electron acceptors (02 is final one), electrons.
Oxidative phosphorylation
usually refers to the catabolism (breaking down) of food/nutrient molecules and using energy (e-) released to form ATPs. We use this energy that we got from these molecules we break down for phosphorylation (adding ATPs)
Cell Metabolism/Respiration
To make ATPs→ have to perform
phosphorylation, which occurs at either substrate level (trading a phosphate from one place to another) or oxidative phosphorylation
Describe the role of 02 in aerobic respiration.
02 is used as the final electron acceptor for the e- transport chain in cellular respiration. It allows electrons and H+ to pass through and creates ATPS
Where does aerobic respiration take place?
takes place in cytoplasm (glycolysis) and mitochondria (Kres cycle and electron transport chain). Occurs with oxygen and releases more energy
Where does anaerobic respiration take place?
only In cytoplasm, occurs without oxygen and releases oxygen.
produces lactic acid, anaerobic respiration (occurs in the presence of no oxygen)
Lactic acid fermentation
chemical body produces when your cells break down carbohydrates for energy.
Lactic acid
Rate at which body uses energy at rest, usually in calories/day or Calories/hour
Basal metabolic rate
nutrients we can’t make, must be eaten
Essential nutrients
nutrients known by their element names, (Fe-iorn, Zn- zinc, Ca-calcium, K-potassium, Na-sodium)
Minerals
nutritional name for Co enzymes
Vitamins
can’t be made by the body, must be eaten
Essential amino acids
include vitamins C and B, polar bonds and hydrophilic and soluble in water.
Water soluble vitamins
chemical compound (protein, fat, carbohydrate, vitamin or mineral) contained in foods.
Nutrient
kilo calorie, 1,000 calories
Calorie
a protein that provides all nine essential amino acids
Complete proteins
similar to cholesterol and have one or more hydrocarbon rings and long hydrocarbon chains. They are non-polar and hydrophobic. vitamins A, D, E and K
Fat soluble vitamins
- a type of unstable molecule that is made during normal cell metabolism
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