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A&P 224 > Aulner Endocrine System > Flashcards

Aulner Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Extrinsic regulation is

A

An organ or organ system regulated by something else (endocrine system or nervous system)

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2
Q

Functions of endocrine system

A

Maintain homeostasis
-regulates body activities
-one of bodies primary extrinsic regulators

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3
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Make hormones, released directly into blood (no ducts)

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4
Q

uses hormones, travel via bloodstream to target cells, slower acting, lasts longer (endocrine system does not spit hormone directly on a target cell, it spits hormone into blood and then the hormone is going to go land on target creating a response.

A

Endocrine regulation

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5
Q

Endocrine regulation or Nervous regulation • Uses: Amplitude modulated signal- (to get a bigger signal to target you have to release more hormone)

A

Endocrine regulation

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6
Q

Endocrine regulation or nervous regulation uses
Frequency modulated signal- (neuron has to fire more times to get a bigger signal to target)

A

Nervous regulation

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7
Q

uses neurons, “spits” NT’s (neurotransmitters) directly on target cells, very fast acting, very short lived.

A

Nervous regulation

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8
Q

What are the chemical signals of endocrine system

A

1- endocrine
2-paracrine
3-Autocrine
4-neurotransmitter

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9
Q

Endocrine pathway does what

A

Releases hormone, travels through bloodstream to distant target

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10
Q

Paracrine pathway does what

A

Cell releases chemical that travels though cell to nearby cell

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11
Q

Autocrine pathway does what

A

Cell releases a chemical that affects same cell that it spit out

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12
Q

NT’s neurotransmitter pathway does what

A

released by a neuron, travels across the synapse to target cell

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13
Q

these chemicals don’t travel through bloodstream. The Endocrine glands release a hormone into bloodstream that then goes to some distant cell.

A

Paracrine and Autocrine signals

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14
Q

Hormones are

A

Chemical messengers “ligands
• Hormones can only get an affect from a cell with specific receptors for that hormone
• Hormones are either proteins or Lipids (steroids)

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15
Q

-able to pass through cell membranes (hydrophobic molecules)
(cell membranes are lipids and lipids like other lipids)

A

Lipid hormones

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16
Q

cannot pass through cell membrane bc their too big and the lipids don’t like them (hydrophilic molecule)

A

Protein hormones

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17
Q

What Lipids do to create a response in a cell

A

they use receptor inside cell because the lipid can pass through cell membrane (Direct
Gene Activation)

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18
Q

What a Protein Hormones Does:

A

activates chemicals inside cell, often times enzymes that can be used over again

Use Signal
Amplification because they use a membrane bound receptor and a second messenger.

19
Q

When there is a very small amount of hormone→ target cells might increase the number of receptors (get more sensitive to particular hormone) this is called….

A

Up regulation

20
Q

when there is a large amount of hormone, target cells might decrease the number of receptors, get less sensitive to hormone

A

Downregulation

21
Q

• If we have a drug like a hormone drug, why can it sometimes have less effect on a person over time?

A
  • You get the drug their target cells start to downregulate so there not as sensitive to the drug anymore.
22
Q

What Regulates the Endocrine Glands:

A

1- Humoral stimuli
2-Nervous stimuli
3- Hormonal stimuli

23
Q

Humoral stimuli:

A

something in the blood (direct), PTH, parathyroid hormone and calcitonin respond to humoral stimuli

24
Q

Nervous stimuli:

A

: a neuron, (a neuron directly controls some endocrine gland by spitting a neurotransmitters on it

25
Q

Hormonal stimuli:

A

a tropic hormone (where endocrine gland is controlled by another endocrine gland) (TSH hormone)

26
Q

hormones that regulate other endocrine glands

A

Tropic hormones

27
Q

Who makes ADH→

A

Hypothalamus, it makes ADH when your blood becomes too concentrated, so the hypothalamus detects the concentration of your blood and releases ADH as result of that.
(Humoral stimulus because it something about your blood)

28
Q

the boss, sitting at base of brain with capillaries going through it, tasting your blood all day and measuring blood levels of varies hormones.

A

Hypothalamus

29
Q

What’s in charge of the pituitary gland?

A

Hypothalamus

30
Q

What is a neuro endocrine structure (neuro endocrine- neurons that spit out hormones)

A

Hypothalamus

31
Q

Most hormone systems are

A

Negative Feedback Mechanisms

32
Q

Parafollicular cells make→

A

Calcitonin

33
Q

Follicular cells make

A

Thyroid hormone T3 &T4

34
Q

Hyposecretion of ADH is

A

Diabetes Insipidus

35
Q

What happens when you can’t make ADH

A

kidneys can’t save the water; urine volume goes up

36
Q

Diabetes Mellitus (Type 1 or 2)

• Juvenile onset
• Genetic/viral/autoimmune
• insulin dependent
• person doesn’t make insulin
• make non-function insulin
• don’t have insulin receptors

A

Type 1 (5%)

37
Q

Diabetes Mellitus type 1 or 2
* Adult onset
* non-insulin dependent
*tissues start not responding to insulin (cells don’t take in as much glucose)
*might become Type 1 if Pancreatic Islets atrophy & stop spitting out Insulin all together

A

Type 2 (95%)

38
Q

secrete their substances through ducts onto body’s surface

A

Exocrine glands

39
Q

secrete substance directly into blood stream, not ducts

A

Endocrine glands

40
Q

abnormal lack of ADH secretion (kidneys unable to retain water) Signs and symptoms include (extreme thirst, dehydration, high solute concentration of blood bc the body is unable to conserve most of the water consumed).
Treated by administration of synthetic ADH

A

Diabetes Insipidus

41
Q

→ body doesn’t produce or respond normally to insulin, causing blood sugar (glucose) levels to be abnormally high. Treatment= diet, oral medications or insulin injections.

A

Diabetes Mellitus

42
Q

→ hallow stalk that connects hypothalamus and posterior pituitary gland

A

Infundibulum

43
Q

Hypophysis is what

A

pituitary

A&P 224 (12 decks)

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