Aulner Endocrine System

Question 1

Extrinsic regulation is

Answer 1

An organ or organ system regulated by something else (endocrine system or nervous system)

Question 2

Functions of endocrine system

Answer 2

Maintain homeostasis
-regulates body activities
-one of bodies primary extrinsic regulators

Question 3

Endocrine glands

Answer 3

Make hormones, released directly into blood (no ducts)

Question 4

uses hormones, travel via bloodstream to target cells, slower acting, lasts longer (endocrine system does not spit hormone directly on a target cell, it spits hormone into blood and then the hormone is going to go land on target creating a response.

Answer 4

Endocrine regulation

Question 5

Endocrine regulation or Nervous regulation • Uses: Amplitude modulated signal- (to get a bigger signal to target you have to release more hormone)

Answer 5

Endocrine regulation

Question 6

Endocrine regulation or nervous regulation uses
Frequency modulated signal- (neuron has to fire more times to get a bigger signal to target)

Answer 6

Nervous regulation

Question 7

uses neurons, “spits” NT’s (neurotransmitters) directly on target cells, very fast acting, very short lived.

Answer 7

Nervous regulation

Question 8

What are the chemical signals of endocrine system

Answer 8

1- endocrine
2-paracrine
3-Autocrine
4-neurotransmitter

Question 9

Endocrine pathway does what

Answer 9

Releases hormone, travels through bloodstream to distant target

Question 10

Paracrine pathway does what

Answer 10

Cell releases chemical that travels though cell to nearby cell

Question 11

Autocrine pathway does what

Answer 11

Cell releases a chemical that affects same cell that it spit out

Question 12

NT’s neurotransmitter pathway does what

Answer 12

released by a neuron, travels across the synapse to target cell

Question 13

these chemicals don’t travel through bloodstream. The Endocrine glands release a hormone into bloodstream that then goes to some distant cell.

Answer 13

Paracrine and Autocrine signals

Question 14

Hormones are

Answer 14

Chemical messengers “ligands
• Hormones can only get an affect from a cell with specific receptors for that hormone
• Hormones are either proteins or Lipids (steroids)

Question 15

-able to pass through cell membranes (hydrophobic molecules)
(cell membranes are lipids and lipids like other lipids)

Answer 15

Lipid hormones

Question 16

cannot pass through cell membrane bc their too big and the lipids don’t like them (hydrophilic molecule)

Answer 16

Protein hormones

Question 17

What Lipids do to create a response in a cell

Answer 17

they use receptor inside cell because the lipid can pass through cell membrane (Direct
Gene Activation)

Question 18

What a Protein Hormones Does:

Answer 18

activates chemicals inside cell, often times enzymes that can be used over again

Use Signal
Amplification because they use a membrane bound receptor and a second messenger.

Question 19

When there is a very small amount of hormone→ target cells might increase the number of receptors (get more sensitive to particular hormone) this is called….

Answer 19

Up regulation

Question 20

when there is a large amount of hormone, target cells might decrease the number of receptors, get less sensitive to hormone

Answer 20

Downregulation

Question 21

• If we have a drug like a hormone drug, why can it sometimes have less effect on a person over time?

Answer 21

• You get the drug their target cells start to downregulate so there not as sensitive to the drug anymore.

Question 22

What Regulates the Endocrine Glands:

Answer 22

1- Humoral stimuli
2-Nervous stimuli
3- Hormonal stimuli

Question 23

Humoral stimuli:

Answer 23

something in the blood (direct), PTH, parathyroid hormone and calcitonin respond to humoral stimuli

Question 24

Nervous stimuli:

Answer 24

: a neuron, (a neuron directly controls some endocrine gland by spitting a neurotransmitters on it

Question 25

Hormonal stimuli:

Answer 25

a tropic hormone (where endocrine gland is controlled by another endocrine gland) (TSH hormone)

Question 26

hormones that regulate other endocrine glands

Answer 26

Tropic hormones

Question 27

Who makes ADH→

Answer 27

Hypothalamus, it makes ADH when your blood becomes too concentrated, so the hypothalamus detects the concentration of your blood and releases ADH as result of that. (Humoral stimulus because it something about your blood)

Question 28

the boss, sitting at base of brain with capillaries going through it, tasting your blood all day and measuring blood levels of varies hormones.

Answer 28

Hypothalamus

Question 29

What’s in charge of the pituitary gland?

Answer 29

Hypothalamus

Question 30

What is a neuro endocrine structure (neuro endocrine- neurons that spit out hormones)

Answer 30

Hypothalamus

Question 31

Most hormone systems are

Answer 31

Negative Feedback Mechanisms

Question 32

Parafollicular cells make→

Answer 32

Calcitonin

Question 33

Follicular cells make

Answer 33

Thyroid hormone T3 &T4

Question 34

Hyposecretion of ADH is

Answer 34

Diabetes Insipidus

Question 35

What happens when you can’t make ADH

Answer 35

kidneys can't save the water; urine volume goes up

Question 36

Diabetes Mellitus (Type 1 or 2) • Juvenile onset • Genetic/viral/autoimmune • insulin dependent • person doesn't make insulin • make non-function insulin • don't have insulin receptors

Answer 36

Type 1 (5%)

Question 37

Diabetes Mellitus type 1 or 2 * Adult onset * non-insulin dependent *tissues start not responding to insulin (cells don't take in as much glucose) *might become Type 1 if Pancreatic Islets atrophy & stop spitting out Insulin all together

Answer 37

Type 2 (95%)

Question 38

secrete their substances through ducts onto body's surface

Answer 38

Exocrine glands

Question 39

secrete substance directly into blood stream, not ducts

Answer 39

Endocrine glands

Question 40

abnormal lack of ADH secretion (kidneys unable to retain water) Signs and symptoms include (extreme thirst, dehydration, high solute concentration of blood bc the body is unable to conserve most of the water consumed). Treated by administration of synthetic ADH

Answer 40

Diabetes Insipidus

Question 41

→ body doesn't produce or respond normally to insulin, causing blood sugar (glucose) levels to be abnormally high. Treatment= diet, oral medications or insulin injections.

Answer 41

Diabetes Mellitus

Question 42

→ hallow stalk that connects hypothalamus and posterior pituitary gland

Answer 42

Infundibulum

Question 43

Hypophysis is what

Answer 43

pituitary

Question 44

posterior lobe of pituitary gland which stores and releases oxytocin and vasopressin produced in hypothalamus

Answer 44

Neurohypophysis

Question 45

anterior pituitary, regulates stress, growth, reproduction and lactation

Answer 45

Adenohypophysis

Question 46

an organ that consists of nervous tissue but also secretes hormones.

Answer 46

Neuroendocrine

Question 47

anabolic-androgenic steroids related to testosterone

Answer 47

Anabolic steroids

Question 48

group of lipid (fats) made at sites of tissue damage or infection that acts like hormones and deal with injury/illness. Control inflammation, blood flow, formation of blood clots and induction of labor.

Answer 48

Prostaglandins

Question 49

Make 2 identical clones of each other, one of them we save so we never run out of the germs. One of cells enters meiosis (the primary)

Answer 49

Mitosis

Question 50

Type of cell division that produces gametes or sperm cell and egg cells. Type of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in the parent cell by half and produces 4 gamete cells.

Answer 50

Meiosis