Respiratory System 224 Flashcards
Diffusion
When a material automatically flows from higher concentration to lower concentration
What makes the process of cellular respiration
Bulk flow and simple diffusion
Bulk flow does what
Moves large numbers of molecules quickly
Inhalation (breathing in)
Diaphragm contracts pulling it flat and intercostal muscle between ribs contract lifting ribs up and out causin chest cavity to expand
-pressure inside lungs =lower
Pressure outside body=higher
Causing lungs to fill up with air!
Exhalation (breathing out)
Diaphragm relaxes again and weight of ribs settles in
-pressure inside lungs=higher
Pressure outside body= lower
Causing you to breath out
Conducting zone
Funnel air into body (upper part)
Starts with the nose
Function of nasal
Warms and moistens incoming air,so it doesn’t dry out those sensitive lung cells that must remain wet
Epiglottis is
Trap door of tissue which covers the larynx directing food/liquids to the esophagus to keep food/liquid out of lungs
The respiratory zone is
Where gas exchange actually occurs
-includes bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli
Where does bulk of gas exchange occur in?
Alveoli sacs because each sac contains a cluster of alveoli (tiny cavity’s lined with super thin wet membranes made of simple squamous epithelium tissue)
-here O2 diffuses across epithelial cells into blood stream and CO2 diffuse out of body
Hypocapnia is
A drop in CO2 that occurs in blood when you hyperventilate
-signals breakdown in important function that respiratory system performs
-the exchange of gases inside blood cells where the stuff your body doesn’t want is swapped out for what is desperately needs
Hemoglobin
-4 protein chains each of which contain an iron atom
-iron readily binds with oxygen
This is how hemoglobin transports oxygen around body
Partial pressure is
Understanding of how much oxygen there is based on the pressure it’s creating
Ex: pressure of air at sea level is 760mm hG
Only 21% of this air is oxygen
Dissolved gases always diffuse down what
Their partial pressure gradient
A decrease of intra-alveolar pressure to 1mmHg below atmospheric pressure would be found during____.
-inspiration or expiration ?
Inspiration
Serous membrane associated with the lungs is called
Pleura
Inferior portion of the pharynx that opens into the esophagus and the larynx is the___.
Latyngopharynx
During quit breathing,_____ is an active process and ____ is passive
Inspiration=active
Expiration=passive
Air flows into the lungs when atmospheric pressure is ______ intra-alveolar pressure and air flows out of the lungs when atmospheric pressure is___ intra alveolar pressure
Greater than
Less than
The muscles of inspiration include
Diaphragm
Pectoralis minor
External intercostals
Scalenes
What is necessary for air to flow
Pressure gradient
What is necessary for air to flow
Pressure gradient
Amount of air available for gas exchange per minute is the:
Alveolar ventilation
The partial pressure of oxygen in systemic arterial blood is ___mm Hg.
95
The walls of the alveoli are form primarily of ___ epithelium
Simple squamous epithelium
As alveoli recoil, intra-alveolar pressure:
Increases
At the end of expiration, the relationship between intra-alveolar and atmospheric pressures.
Pressures are equal
A decrease in the surface area of the respiratory membrane will result in a ___ in gas exchange
Decrease
Respiratory system may be classified STRUCTURALLY into:
Upper and lower respiratory tracts
The primary bronchi transports air into and out of a___
Lung
Oropharynx is
Extends from soft palate to the epiglottis
Laryngopharynx
Extend from tip of epiglottis to the esophagus
Nasopharynx
Above the soft palate
Parietal pleura
Lines the thoracic cavity
Visceral pleura
Lies on surface of the lung
The prominent laryngeal cartilage that is often larger in males than in females is the ___ cartilage.
Thyroid
Indicate the proportion of oxygen in the blood that is bound to hemoglobin
98.5%
The Po2 of blood entering pulmonary capillaries is____.
40mm Hg
The ____ is the main structure located between the laryngopharynx and the trachea
Larynx
The C-shaped rings that support the trachea are composed of ____ cartilage.
Hyaline
Identify structures of the mediastinum
Trachea
Heart
Esophagus
The function of surfactant is to _____ the surface tension in the lungs.
Decrease
Indicate the components of the respiratory membrane.
-interstitial space between alveoli and capillaries
- capillary endothelium and its basement membrane
-surfactant layer
-alveolar epithelium and its basement membranes
Oxygen binds to hemoglobin in the ___ and unbinds from hemoglobin in the ____.
Binds in- pulmonary capillaries
Unbinds in- tissue spaces
The muscles of expiration include :
Internal intercostals
Transverse thoracis
Abdominal muscles
A typical individual can hold their breath for only a short amount of time. Respiration begins again when….
Blood CO2 levels climb too high
Pulmonary diseases that decrease pulmonary compliance will ___ the energy required for ventilation
Increase
Consider the relationship between air flow, pressure and resistance. As the pressure gradient increases air flow…
Increase
What component of airway walls allows the dilation or constriction of airway.
Smooth muscle
Larynx is located between the___ and the _________.
Laryngopharynx
Trachea
Posterior extension of the soft palate is
Uvula
An increase in intra-alveolar pressure (relative to atmospheric pressure) leads to airflow ____ the alveoli
Out of
What is the order of events that occur during quite respiration
1-inspiratory muscles relax
2- volume of thoracic cavity decreases
3- increase in intra-alveolar pressure
4- air flows out of lungs
Spirometry measures
The volume of air moving into and out of the lungs
True or false: the average partial pressure of oxygen in alveolar gas is 104 mmHg.
True
The basic ventilation rhythm is determined by neurons located in the
Medulla oblongata
Indicate three factors that will cause an increase in the release of oxygen from oxyhemoglobin in the tissues
1- decrease pH
2- increased temperature
3- increased Pco2
Pleural pressure is defined as the pressure____
In the pleural cavity
Identify factors that determine the concentration of a dissolved gas.
The solubility of the gas in a liquid
Partial pressure of the gas
Main (primary) bronchi
Supply right and left lungs
Secondary bronchi
Supply the lobes of each lung
Tertiary bronchi
Supply subdivided areas within each lobe of lung
The respiratory membrane is
Layers through which gases diffuse between alveolar air and capillary blood
As the lungs are stretched, the tendency the lungs to recoil
Increase
Vital capacity is
Inspiration reserve volume + tidal volume+ expiratory reserve volume
Inspiratory capacity
Tidal volume plus inspiratory capacity
Functional residual capacity
Expiratory reserve volume plus residual volume, the air left in the lungs after normal expiration
Total lung capacity
Inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + expiratory reserve volume+ residual volume
Identify functions of the conducting zone of the respiratory system
Cleans air
Humidification
Warming air
True or false: the saturation of hemoglobin is 100% at a venous Po2 of 40mmHg.
True
