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A&P 224 > Respiratory System 224 > Flashcards

Respiratory System 224 Flashcards

1
Q

Diffusion

A

When a material automatically flows from higher concentration to lower concentration

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2
Q

What makes the process of cellular respiration

A

Bulk flow and simple diffusion

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3
Q

Bulk flow does what

A

Moves large numbers of molecules quickly

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4
Q

Inhalation (breathing in)

A

Diaphragm contracts pulling it flat and intercostal muscle between ribs contract lifting ribs up and out causin chest cavity to expand

-pressure inside lungs =lower
Pressure outside body=higher

Causing lungs to fill up with air!

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5
Q

Exhalation (breathing out)

A

Diaphragm relaxes again and weight of ribs settles in

-pressure inside lungs=higher
Pressure outside body= lower

Causing you to breath out

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6
Q

Conducting zone

A

Funnel air into body (upper part)

Starts with the nose

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7
Q

Function of nasal

A

Warms and moistens incoming air,so it doesn’t dry out those sensitive lung cells that must remain wet

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8
Q

Epiglottis is

A

Trap door of tissue which covers the larynx directing food/liquids to the esophagus to keep food/liquid out of lungs

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9
Q

The respiratory zone is

A

Where gas exchange actually occurs

-includes bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli

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10
Q

Where does bulk of gas exchange occur in?

A

Alveoli sacs because each sac contains a cluster of alveoli (tiny cavity’s lined with super thin wet membranes made of simple squamous epithelium tissue)
-here O2 diffuses across epithelial cells into blood stream and CO2 diffuse out of body

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11
Q

Hypocapnia is

A

A drop in CO2 that occurs in blood when you hyperventilate

-signals breakdown in important function that respiratory system performs
-the exchange of gases inside blood cells where the stuff your body doesn’t want is swapped out for what is desperately needs

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12
Q

Hemoglobin

A

-4 protein chains each of which contain an iron atom

-iron readily binds with oxygen

This is how hemoglobin transports oxygen around body

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13
Q

Partial pressure is

A

Understanding of how much oxygen there is based on the pressure it’s creating

Ex: pressure of air at sea level is 760mm hG
Only 21% of this air is oxygen

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14
Q

Dissolved gases always diffuse down what

A

Their partial pressure gradient

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15
Q

A decrease of intra-alveolar pressure to 1mmHg below atmospheric pressure would be found during____.

-inspiration or expiration ?

A

Inspiration

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16
Q

Serous membrane associated with the lungs is called

A

Pleura

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17
Q

Inferior portion of the pharynx that opens into the esophagus and the larynx is the___.

A

Latyngopharynx

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18
Q

During quit breathing,_____ is an active process and ____ is passive

A

Inspiration=active
Expiration=passive

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19
Q

Air flows into the lungs when atmospheric pressure is ______ intra-alveolar pressure and air flows out of the lungs when atmospheric pressure is___ intra alveolar pressure

A

Greater than
Less than

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20
Q

The muscles of inspiration include

A

Diaphragm
Pectoralis minor
External intercostals
Scalenes

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21
Q

What is necessary for air to flow

A

Pressure gradient

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22
Q

What is necessary for air to flow

A

Pressure gradient

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23
Q

Amount of air available for gas exchange per minute is the:

A

Alveolar ventilation

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24
Q

The partial pressure of oxygen in systemic arterial blood is ___mm Hg.

A

95

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25
Q

The walls of the alveoli are form primarily of ___ epithelium

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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26
Q

As alveoli recoil, intra-alveolar pressure:

A

Increases

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27
Q

At the end of expiration, the relationship between intra-alveolar and atmospheric pressures.

A

Pressures are equal

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28
Q

A decrease in the surface area of the respiratory membrane will result in a ___ in gas exchange

A

Decrease

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29
Q

Respiratory system may be classified STRUCTURALLY into:

A

Upper and lower respiratory tracts

30
Q

The primary bronchi transports air into and out of a___

A

Lung

31
Q

Oropharynx is

A

Extends from soft palate to the epiglottis

32
Q

Laryngopharynx

A

Extend from tip of epiglottis to the esophagus

33
Q

Nasopharynx

A

Above the soft palate

34
Q

Parietal pleura

A

Lines the thoracic cavity

35
Q

Visceral pleura

A

Lies on surface of the lung

36
Q

The prominent laryngeal cartilage that is often larger in males than in females is the ___ cartilage.

A

Thyroid

37
Q

Indicate the proportion of oxygen in the blood that is bound to hemoglobin

A

98.5%

38
Q

The Po2 of blood entering pulmonary capillaries is____.

A

40mm Hg

39
Q

The ____ is the main structure located between the laryngopharynx and the trachea

A

Larynx

40
Q

The C-shaped rings that support the trachea are composed of ____ cartilage.

A

Hyaline

41
Q

Identify structures of the mediastinum

A

Trachea
Heart
Esophagus

42
Q

The function of surfactant is to _____ the surface tension in the lungs.

A

Decrease

43
Q

Indicate the components of the respiratory membrane.

A

-interstitial space between alveoli and capillaries

  • capillary endothelium and its basement membrane
    -surfactant layer
    -alveolar epithelium and its basement membranes
44
Q

Oxygen binds to hemoglobin in the ___ and unbinds from hemoglobin in the ____.

A

Binds in- pulmonary capillaries
Unbinds in- tissue spaces

45
Q

The muscles of expiration include :

A

Internal intercostals
Transverse thoracis
Abdominal muscles

46
Q

A typical individual can hold their breath for only a short amount of time. Respiration begins again when….

A

Blood CO2 levels climb too high

47
Q

Pulmonary diseases that decrease pulmonary compliance will ___ the energy required for ventilation

A

Increase

48
Q

Consider the relationship between air flow, pressure and resistance. As the pressure gradient increases air flow…

A

Increase

49
Q

What component of airway walls allows the dilation or constriction of airway.

A

Smooth muscle

50
Q

Larynx is located between the___ and the _________.

A

Laryngopharynx
Trachea

51
Q

Posterior extension of the soft palate is

A

Uvula

52
Q

An increase in intra-alveolar pressure (relative to atmospheric pressure) leads to airflow ____ the alveoli

A

Out of

53
Q

What is the order of events that occur during quite respiration

A

1-inspiratory muscles relax
2- volume of thoracic cavity decreases
3- increase in intra-alveolar pressure
4- air flows out of lungs

54
Q

Spirometry measures

A

The volume of air moving into and out of the lungs

55
Q

True or false: the average partial pressure of oxygen in alveolar gas is 104 mmHg.

A

True

56
Q

The basic ventilation rhythm is determined by neurons located in the

A

Medulla oblongata

57
Q

Indicate three factors that will cause an increase in the release of oxygen from oxyhemoglobin in the tissues

A

1- decrease pH
2- increased temperature
3- increased Pco2

58
Q

Pleural pressure is defined as the pressure____

A

In the pleural cavity

59
Q

Identify factors that determine the concentration of a dissolved gas.

A

The solubility of the gas in a liquid

Partial pressure of the gas

60
Q

Main (primary) bronchi

A

Supply right and left lungs

61
Q

Secondary bronchi

A

Supply the lobes of each lung

62
Q

Tertiary bronchi

A

Supply subdivided areas within each lobe of lung

63
Q

The respiratory membrane is

A

Layers through which gases diffuse between alveolar air and capillary blood

64
Q

As the lungs are stretched, the tendency the lungs to recoil

A

Increase

65
Q

Vital capacity is

A

Inspiration reserve volume + tidal volume+ expiratory reserve volume

66
Q

Inspiratory capacity

A

Tidal volume plus inspiratory capacity

67
Q

Functional residual capacity

A

Expiratory reserve volume plus residual volume, the air left in the lungs after normal expiration

68
Q

Total lung capacity

A

Inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + expiratory reserve volume+ residual volume

69
Q

Identify functions of the conducting zone of the respiratory system

A

Cleans air
Humidification
Warming air

70
Q

True or false: the saturation of hemoglobin is 100% at a venous Po2 of 40mmHg.

A

True

A&P 224 (11 decks)

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