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A&P 224 > Aulner Digestive Sysem > Flashcards

Aulner Digestive Sysem Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of digestive system

A

Ingestion
Mechanical digestion
Chemical digestion
Absorption
Secretion
Defecation/elimination

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2
Q

Mechanical or chemical digestion?

Mastication (chewing), mixing, churning and propulsion (moving food around). Physical changes that break it up, but doesn’t change what it is.
-increases exposed surface area of food so chemical digestion can happen faster

A

Mechanical digestion

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3
Q

Mechanical or chemical digestion?

Breaking apart chemical bonds, taking larger molecules and breaking them into smaller ones to be absorbed in blood (happens in small intestine) (job of digestive enzymes)

A

Chemical digestion

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4
Q

Movement of nutrient molecules through digestive wall into blood or lymphatic system is

A

Absorption

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5
Q

Adding some product to food as it passes is

A

Secretion

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6
Q

Getting rid of material we can’t digest or don’t have time to digest is

A

Defecation/elimination

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7
Q

Digestive organs are

A

Oral cavity
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine

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8
Q

Accessory organs are

A

Salivary gland
Liver
Pancreas
Gallbladder

Spit on food as it goes by but doesn’t touch the food

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9
Q

Order the organs of the alimentary canal/digestive tract in order

A

Oral cavity (mouth)
Pharynx (throat)
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Rectus and anus

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10
Q

Involuntary contraction and relaxation of longitudinal and circular muscles throughout the digestive tract

A

Peristalsis

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11
Q

Sheets of serosa (sheets of peritoneum)

A

Mesenteries

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12
Q

Layers that make up digestive tract

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis
Serosa

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13
Q

Layer touching food with epithelium in it (modified by organ)

A

Mucosa

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14
Q

Areolar and dense irregular connective tissue and glands (tiny glands inside epithelium-lymphoid nodule)

MALT= mucosa associated lymphoid tissue

A

Submucosa

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15
Q

2 layers of smooth muscle cells (longitudinal and circular layer)

A

Muscularis

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16
Q

Mucosa of oral cavity is

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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17
Q

Narrow space between teeth and gums and internal surfaces of teeth and gums is

A

Vestibule

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18
Q

Allows us to breath and chew at the same time (mechanical digestion) is

A

Hard palate

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19
Q

When swallowing both moves posteriorly to prevent food from entering the nasal cavity

A

Soft palate and uvula

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20
Q

Primary dentin / deciduous teeth

A

“Baby teeth”
20- deciduous teeth
4 incisors
2 canines
4 molars in both mandible (bottom) and maxilla (top)

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21
Q

Secondary dentin /permanent teeth

A

Situated above primary dentition in maxilla and below in mandible. When a child is about 6 yrs old secondary teeth enlarge pressing on deciduous teeth causing them to fall out

32 permanent teeth
4 incisors
2 canines
4 pre-molars
6 molars

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22
Q

Wisdom teeth erupt around ages…

A

17-21

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23
Q

Crown made of calcium hydroxyapatite crystals with only a small amount of organic material. This makes it the hardest substance in body, allowing it to endure the forces that accompany chewing

A

Enamel

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24
Q

Made of half calcium hydroxyapatite crystals and half organic compounds like collagen fibers. Hard like bone and cements the teeth in place

A

Cementum

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25
Q

Why masticate (chew)??

A

Increases surface area of food so chemical digestion can happen faster

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26
Q

Incisors are used for

Canines are used for

Molars are used for

A

Cutting

Tearing

Chewing

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27
Q

Secondary dentition (permanent teeth)

Maxillary (top) And mandible (bottom)
Central and lateral incisors
Canines
Pre molars
Molars

A

Maxillary (top)
-central incisors age (7-8yrs)
-lateral incisors (8-9yrs)
-canines age (11-12yrs)
-premolars age (10-12yrs)
-molars age (6-13yrs)

Mandible (bottom)
-molars (6-13yrs)
-premolars (10-12yrs)
-canines (9-10yrs)
-lateral incisors (7-8yrs)
-central incisors (6-7yrs)

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28
Q

Phases of deglutition (swallowing)

A

1) voluntary phase
2) pharyngeal phase
3) esophageal phase

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29
Q

(Oral phase) the tongue pushes the bolus toward oropharynx (controlled by skeletal muscle fibers) the tongue pushes the bolus up against the palate and backwards toward the pharynx

A

Voluntary phase (1st phase of deglutition)

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30
Q

(Reflexive act) the bolus enters oropharynx, the soft palate and epiglottis seal off the nasopharynx and larynx. (Bolus is shoved back into pharynx, pharynx has stretch receptors that tell it bolus is there. A reflexive nucleus In medulla oblongata that sends signals telling pharyngeal muscles to contract at same time larynx is elevated and closes off epiglottis. (Takes one second to happen)

A

Pharyngeal phase (2nd phase of deglutition)

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31
Q

Peristaltic waves move the bolus down the esophagus to the stomach (takes about 5 seconds to go from pharynx to stomach)

A

Esophageal phase (3rd phase of deglutition)

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32
Q

Function of esophagus

A

The food tube, moves food and liquids from mouth to stomach

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33
Q

Mucosa of esophagus is

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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34
Q

Functions of stomach

A

Secretion
Propulsion
Digestion

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35
Q

Normally the cardiac sphincters remains closed except during swallowing, when this mechanism fails acidic chyme from stomach regurgitates into esophagus which may lead to pain, difficulty swallowing, vocal cord damage or respiratory problems, esophageal cancer

A

GERD

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36
Q

Mucosa of stomach is

A

Simple columnar epithelium and has gastric pits

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37
Q

Gastric pits are

A

Permanent Inward projections of mucosa

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38
Q

Leaves stomach through pyloric sphincter -goes into small intestine

A

Chyme

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39
Q

What is chyme

A

What stomach changes the bolus into, it adds fluids and becomes more liquid food (like gravy)

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40
Q

Rugae is

A

Folds in stomach wall that expand and contract. Expand to increase volume of stomach

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41
Q

Within gastric pits there are 3 cell varieties found deep in gastric pits in the mucosa layer of stomach they are

A

1)parietal cells
2) chief cells
3) DNES cells

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42
Q

Parietal cells make what

A

Make hydrochloric acid (HCL) stomach acid in gastric pits

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43
Q

Chief cells make

A

Pepsinogen (pro enzyme) and becomes pepsin (enzyme)

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44
Q

DNES cells make (G or endocrine cells)

A

The hormone gastrin

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45
Q

Small intestine function

A

Maximize how fast it can absorb molecules into blood or chyme

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46
Q

(Plicae, NOT rugae) permanent folds in wall of small intestine they don’t expand or contract

A

Circular folds

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47
Q

Finger like projections of mucosa in intestinal wall

A

Villi

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48
Q

Microvilli

A

Brush boarder

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49
Q

Large intestine function

A

Dehydrate the chyme to become feces

50
Q

Mucosa of large intestine

A

Simple columnar epithelium , has many goblet cells (mucus makers) to help lay down mucus for material to slide by (to change chyme into feces)

51
Q

Exit from small intestine into large intestine (still chyme)

A

Ileocecal valve

52
Q

Dead ended pouch in digestive system to increase surface area

A

Cecum

53
Q

Longitudinal muscle fibers, pulls hard to pull chyme through large intestine

A

Taeniae cool

54
Q

Breaking apart of chemical bonds by adding water

Polymer—> monomers

A

Hydrolysis

55
Q

Digestive physiology is changing the nature of the food molecules

A

Polymer (can’t absorb) ——breaks down hydroplane enzymes——-> monomers (can absorb)

56
Q

3 primary food molecules we eat

A

1)carbohydrates
2) lipids
3) proteins

57
Q

Polysaccharides (large complex chains of monosaccharides) need to break these down chemically into single glucose molecules to make it easier to absorb into bloodstream.

Ex: starch, cellulose and glycogen

A

Carbohydrates

58
Q

Triglycerides —> glycerol + fatty acids is what molecule (we eat)

A

Lipids

59
Q

Polypeptides —> amino acid groups

A

Proteins

60
Q

Produces bile, nutrient metabolism, detoxification and excretion.

-releases endocrine/exocrine secretions and converts harmful toxins into non toxic substance body can eliminate

A

Liver

61
Q

Sits posteriorly to liver, receives most bile from common hepatic duct. Stores bile, concentrates it (removes water) and releases it when stimulated. Bile release is stimulated by hormone CCK which triggers contraction of smooth muscle in wall of gallbladder causing it to release bile into cystic duct

A

Gallbladder

62
Q

Upper left quadrant of abdomen
-endocrine secretion- hormone insulin and glucagon are released from pancreatic islets into blood and affect most cells in body

-exocrine secretion- enzymes secreted primarily by clusters of acinar cells. The enzymes are released into ducts of pancreas that empty into alimentary canal to help with digestion

A

Pancreas

63
Q

Pancreas jobs

A

1) makes enzymes and releases through pancreatic juice and spits into duodenum

2) neutralizes acidic chyme in duodenum by makin bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) shoved in pancreatic ducts and neutralizes acid

64
Q

Acini cell make what

A

Enzymes and bicarbonates

65
Q

Livers jobs

A

1) make bile salts to emulsify the lipids

2) detoxify blood from digestive organs (happens in sinusoids)

(Liver detoxifies DOESN’T filter)

66
Q

Liver cells that make bile salts

A

Hepatocytes

67
Q

Hepatic portal circulation

A

-veins come from small intestine, stomach and large intestine and collects all blood coming from digestive organs in abdomen and shoots it in bottom of liver.

-hepatic portal circulation takes all this absorbed blood and send it into the liver before going back to the heart

68
Q

Purpose of detour of human blood

A

Arterial and venous blood mix together in little vessels called sinusoids. As blood moves by hepatocytes are able to metabolize out certain chemicals, pull them out of blood, the sinusoids make blood slow down and gurgle. As blood moves toward center of liver lobule hepatocytes pull chemicals out of sinusoids and eventually reaches central vein, then up and out of liver

69
Q

Chew, ingest food grind into smaller pieces to increase surface area of food

A

Mastication

70
Q

Swallowing, specialized type of propulsion that pushed bolus of food from oral cavity through pharynx and esophagus to the stomach

A

Deglutition

71
Q

Break down of large fat molecules into smaller ones (happens in small intestine)

A

Emulsification

72
Q

Why we make stomach acid

A

To drive pH inside stomach down low enough so pepsinogen (pro enzyme) becomes pepsin (enzyme)

73
Q

What breaks bonds between specific amino acids

A

Pepsin

74
Q

What is the problem with lipid digestion?

A

Lipids are snobs
-lipids can’t be efficiently digested until they have been emulsified (this is the job of bile salts from the liver)

75
Q

Proteins that come from liver to prevent lipids from globing together and allow enzyme to get at the smaller lipids

  • can break big lipid glob into little lipid globs
A

Bile salts

76
Q

Where all the action happens, bile salts get dumped into duodenum (where they are emulsified) this happens in the

A

Small intestine

77
Q

A small lipid droplet surrounded by the bile salts

A

Micelle

78
Q

Which organ store bile salts

A

Gallbladder

79
Q

Which organ produces bile

A

Liver

80
Q

3 phases of stomach secretion

A

1) cephalic phase -food is on the way, not there yet

2) gastric phase- food enters stomach, more acid released from parietal cells

3) intestinal phase- food left, chyme made it in stomach. Stimulates liver and pancreas and inhibit stomach due to food being gone

81
Q

Made by endocrine cells in stomach

A

Gastrin

82
Q

Made by intestine once food gets there

A

1) cholecystokinin (CCK)
2) gastric inhibitory peptide
3) secretin

83
Q

Breaks carbs down into monosaccharides, pump monosaccharides into intestinal cell, they then diffuse out. As soon as it hits blood absorption is done

A

Absorption of carbohydrates in small intestine

84
Q

Once protease enzymes have broken down amino acids, pump them into intestinal cells, diffuse out into blood absorption is done

A

Absorption of amino acids/proteins in small intestine

85
Q

Micelles take lipids to plasma membrane, lipid diffuse through phospholipid bilayer and enter cytosol. (Bile salts stay out in chyme). Lipids reassemble into triglycerides and packaged into chylomicrons. Chylomicrons are released into the interstitial fluid by exocytosis and then enter the lacteal (absorption is done)

A

Absorption of lipids in small intestine

86
Q

Things absorbed in stomach

A

Water, simple sugar (glucose) and alcohol, protein absorption

87
Q

Things absorbed in large intestine

A

Water, electrolytes and vitamins

88
Q

Describe controls of elimination

A

(Involuntary reflexes)
1) stretch receptors transmit sensation of rectal dissension to spinal cord.
2) parasympathetic neurons cause smooth muscle in sigmoid colon and rectum to contract and internal anal sphincters to relax

(Voluntary reflex)
3) impulses from cerebral cortex trigger relaxation of the external anal sphincter and contraction of levator ani muscle, allowing feces to pass out of body.

89
Q

When mass movements force fecal material into the normally empty rectum, it initiates the parasympathetic mediated …

A

Defecation reflex

90
Q

Vomiting , normally the stomach moves its contents into the duodenum but emesis is caused when the contents move backwards

A

Emesis

91
Q

Inflammation of the liver

A

Hepatitis

92
Q

When motility increases, the large intestine doesn’t have time to absorb water from fecal material. This produces a watery feces

A

Diarrhea

93
Q

Fibrosis and nodule formation of the liver, liver is scarred and permanently damaged

A

Cirrhosis

94
Q

Narrowing of the pylorus sphincter, the opening from the stomach into small intestine

A

Pyloric stenosis

95
Q

(PUD) discontinuation in the inner lining of the gastrointestinal GI tract because of gastric acid secretion or pepsin. (Perforation or hole in lining of small intestine, lower esophagus or stomach

A

Peptic ulcers

96
Q

Bacterial infection and inflammation of the peritoneum

A

Peritonitis

97
Q

Inflammation in you colon, where digested food becomes poop

A

Colitis

98
Q

Inflammation of the appendix caused by the appendix becoming blocked mostly by fecal matter.

A

Appendicitis

99
Q

Too much stomach acid in pyloric region of stomach

A

Gastric ulcer

100
Q

Burning in lining of digestive organ

A

Intestinal/ duodenal ulcer

101
Q

Oral cavity function

A

Ingestion, mastication (chewing) and deglutition (swallowing)

102
Q

Gastrin function

A

Increases acid secretion by parietal cells

103
Q

Histamine function

A

Increases acid secretion by parietal cells

104
Q

Serotonin

A

Distention of the stomach

Stimulates gastric motility

105
Q

Somatostatin

A

Decreasing stomach pH

Decreases acid secretion by parietal cells

106
Q

Partially digested proteins and lipids in chyme entering the duodenum

Causes gallbladder to contract/and release bile; stimulates secretion of pancreatic enzymes from acinar cells; relaxes hepatopancreatic sphincter

A

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

107
Q

Gastric inhibitory peptide

A

Chyme entering the small intestine

Inhibits acid secretion from parietal cells

108
Q

Intestinal gastrin

A

Chyme entering the small intestine

Stimulates acid secretion from parietal cells

109
Q

Motilin

A

Released regularly during fasting

Stimulates the migrating motor complex of the small intestine

110
Q

Secretin

A

Partially digested proteins in the duodenum

Inhibits gastric motility and acid secretion, stimulates bicarbonate ion release from pancreatic duct cells, increases bile production by the liver

111
Q

Vasoactive intestinal peptide

A

Partially digested proteins in the duodenum

Inhibits acid secretion by parietal cells; stimulates pancreatic secretion; increases intestinal blood flow

112
Q

•needed for growth development
•Required for low-light and color vision
• Functions as growth factor for epithelium

Symptoms of deficiency
Delayed growth
• Night blindness and potential total blindness
• Immune dysfunction

A

Vitamin A (retinol)

113
Q

• Required for calcium ion homeostasis and bone growth

Symptoms of deficiency
Rickets (in children)
• Osteoporosis

A

Vitamin D

114
Q

Antioxidant

Symptoms of deficiency
Anemia
CNS dysfunction

A

Vitamin E (tocopherol)

115
Q

Required for synthesis of clotting factors Il, VII, IX, and X

Symptoms of deficiency
Bleeding disorders

A

Vitamin K

116
Q

Coenzyme in many catabolic pathways

Symptoms of deficiency
Disease beriberi-peripheral nerve dysfunction, heart disease

A

Vitamin B1 (thiamine)

117
Q

Component of
FAD and so critical component of catabolic pathways

Symptoms of deficiency
•Skin disorders
• Dysfunction of other epithelial membranes

A

Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)

118
Q

Component of NAD and so critical component of catabolic pathways

Symptoms of deficiency
Disease pellagra-CNS,
gastrointestinal, and skin dysfunction

A

Vitamin B3 (niacin)

119
Q

Coenzyme in nucleic acid metabolism
• Required for development of erythrocytes

Symptoms of deficiency
Disease pernicious anemia

A

Vitamin B12

120
Q

Antioxidant
• Coenzyme in collagen synthesis

Symptoms of deficiency
Disease scurvy-deterioration of skin and epithelial membranes

A

Vitamin C

A&P 224 (11 decks)

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