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Vocab Abdomen > The Gallbladder > Flashcards

The Gallbladder Flashcards

1
Q

___: the inflammation of the gallbladder without associated gallstones

A

acalculous cholecystitis

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2
Q

___: the sudden onset of gallbladder inflammation

A

acute cholecystitis

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3
Q

___: benign hyperplasia of the gallbladder wall

A

adenomyomatosis

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4
Q

___: pain located in the right upper quadrant in the area of the gallbladder

A

biliary colic

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5
Q

___: the effect of dirty shadowing, reverberation, or ring down artifact caused by gas or gas bubbles produced by bacteria within the nondepedent gallbladder wall

A

champagne sign

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6
Q

___: the surgical removal of the gallbladder

A

cholecystectomy

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7
Q

___: the hormone produced by the duodenum that causes the
gallbladder to contract

A

—the surgical removal of the gallbladder

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8
Q

___: the presence of a gallstone or gallstones within the biliary tree

A

choledocholithiasis

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9
Q

___: gallstones

A

cholelithiasis

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10
Q

___: a condition that results from the disturbance in cholesterol metabolism and accumulation of cholesterol typically within a focal region of the gallbladder wall; may be diffuse and referred to as a strawberry gallbladder

A

cholesterolosis

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11
Q

___: cholecystitis that results from the intermittent obstruction of the cystic duct by gallstones

A

chronic cholecystitis

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12
Q

___: partially digested food from the stomach

A

chyme

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13
Q

___: a form of reverberation artifact in which there is a band
of echoes that taper distal to a strong reflector

A

comet tail artifact

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14
Q

___: the clinical detection of an enlarged, palpable gallbladder caused by a biliary obstruction in the area of the pancreatic head; typically caused by a pancreatic head mass

A

Courvoisier gallbladder

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15
Q

___: chronic inflammatory bowel disease that leads to thickening and scarring of the bowel walls leading to chronic pain and recurrent bowel obstructions

A

Crohn disease

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16
Q

___: the duct that connects the gallbladder to the common hepatic duct

A

cystic duct

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17
Q

___: abnormal distention of an organ with air or gas

A

emphysematous

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18
Q

___: the presence or collection of pus

A

empyema

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19
Q

___: the twisting of the vascular supply to the gallbladder

A

gallbladder torsion

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20
Q

___: an outpouching of the gallbladder neck

A

Hartmann pouch

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21
Q

___: a condition that results in the destruction of red blood cells

A

hemolytic anemia

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22
Q

___: situation in which the gallbladder is completely filled with tumefactive studge, causing the gallbladder to appear isoechoic to the liver tissue

A

hepatization of the gallbladder

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23
Q

___: an enlarged gallbladder; also referred to as mucocele of the gallbladder

A

hydropic gallbladder

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24
Q

___: the intravenous administration of nutrients and vitamins

A

hyperalimentation

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25
Q

___: a group of proliferative and degenerative gallbladder disorders which includes both adenomyomatosis and cholesterolosis

A

hyperplastic cholecystosis

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26
Q

___: abnormal low level of albumin in the blood; albumin is a protein produced in the liver

A

hypoalbuminemia

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27
Q

___: a fold in the neck of the gallbladder

A

junctional fold

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28
Q

___: a condition associated with vasculitis and can affect the lymph node, skin, and mucous membranes; also referred to as mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome

A

Kawasaki disease

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29
Q

___: an elevated white blood cell count

A

leukocytosis

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30
Q

___: pain directly over the gallbladder with applied probe pressure

A

Murphy sign

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31
Q

___: the total number of completed pregnancies that have reached the age of viability

A

parity

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32
Q

___: fluid around the gallbladder

A

pericholecystic fluid

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33
Q

___: inflammation of the peritoneal lining

A

peritonitis

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34
Q

___: gallbladder variant when the gallbladder fundus is folded onto itself

A

Phrygian cap

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35
Q

___: the calcification of all or part of the gallbladder wall

A

porcelain gallbladder

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36
Q

___: after a meal

A

postprandial

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37
Q

___: tiny pockets within the gallbladder wall

A

Rokitansky–Aschoff sinuses

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38
Q

___: a life-threatening condition caused by the body’s response to a systemic infection

A

sepsis

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39
Q

___: an illness resulting from another disease, trauma, or injury

A

sequela

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40
Q

___: form of hemolytic anemia typically found in Africans or people of African descent; characterized by dysfunctional sickle-shaped red blood cells

A

sickle cell disease

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41
Q

___ folds located within the cystic duct that prevent it from collapsing and distending

A

spiral valves of Heister

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42
Q

___: complication of acute cholecystitis characterized by pus accumulation within the gallbladder

A

suppurative cholecystitis

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43
Q

___: thick sludge

A

tumefactive sludge

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44
Q

___: the feeding of a person intravenously

A

total parenteral nutrition

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45
Q

___: shadowing from the gallbladder fossa produced by a gallbladder that is completely filled with gallstones

A

wall-echo-shadow sign (WES)

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46
Q

is the gallbladder intraperitoneal or retro?

A

intra

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47
Q

function of the gallbladder

A

store and concentrate bile

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48
Q

what are the three gallbladder layers from outer to inner

A

serosal, fibromuscular, mucosal

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49
Q

the gallbladder neck is continuous with what

A

cystic duct

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50
Q

what is the most dependent portion of the GB

A

fundus

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51
Q

what is the most common locations for stones to collect

A

fundus

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52
Q

how is blood supplied to the GB

A

cystic artery

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53
Q

what is the hormone that causes the GB to contract?

A

cholecystokinin

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54
Q

what is a normal GB variant that shows an out pouching of the GB neck

A

hartman pouch

55
Q

what is a normal GB variant that has a prominent fold located at the junction of the GB neck

A

junctional fold

56
Q

what is a normal GB variant in which the fundus is folded onto itself

A

Phrygian cap

57
Q

normal length of the GB in sag view

A

8-10cm

58
Q

normal width of GB in a trv view

A

4-5cm

59
Q

the GB wall should not measure more than ___

A

3mm or .3cm

60
Q

what are some labs that are helpful to evaluate in the presence of suspected GB disease

A
  • alk phos (ALP)
  • ALT
  • bilirubin
  • GGT
  • WBCs
61
Q

what are some sources of diffuse GB wall thickening

A
  • postprandial
  • acute cholecystitis
  • chronic cholecystitis
  • adenomyomatosis
  • hepatic dysfunction
  • benign ascites
  • hypoalbuminemia
  • AIDS
  • CHF
  • GB carcinoma
62
Q

what are some sources of focal GB wall thickening

A
  • polyp
  • adenomyomatosis
  • carcinoma
  • adhered gallstone
63
Q

what are some cause of non visualization of the GB

A
  • cholecystectomy
  • WES sign
  • postpradial
  • chronic cholecysttits
  • ectopic location
  • agenesis
  • hepatization of the GB
  • air filled GB
64
Q

___: stones within the GB

A

cholelithiasis

65
Q

gallstones typically consist of what things

A
  • cholesterol
  • calcium bilirubonate
  • calcium carbonate
66
Q

what are the 6 Fs that are related to the risk factors of cholelithiasis

A
  • female
  • fat
  • fertile
  • flatulent
  • fair
  • forty
67
Q

other than the 6fs what are the other risk factors for cholelithiasis

A
  • obesity
  • pregnancy
  • parity
  • gestational diabetes
  • estrogen therapy
  • orla contraceptives
  • rapid weight loss
  • TPN
  • crohn disease
68
Q

___: pain caused by gallstones

A

biliary colic

69
Q

a gallbladder completely filled with stones would exhibit what sign?

A

WES sign wall echo shadow

70
Q

S/S cholelithiasis

A
  • asymptomatic
  • biliary colic
  • abdominal pain after fatty meals
  • epigastric pain
  • n/v
  • pain that radiates to the shoulders
71
Q

S/A cholelithiasis

A
  • echogenic foci
  • mobile
  • wes sign may be present
  • twinkle artifact may be seen posterior to stone
72
Q

sludge is most often associated with what

A

biliary stasis

73
Q

thick GB sludge can be referred to as what

A

tumefactive sludge

74
Q

___: GB completely filled with tumefactive sludge making the GB isoechoic to the liver tissue

A

hepatization of the GB

75
Q

S/S sludge

A
  • asymptomatic
  • any reason for biliary stasis
76
Q

S/A sludge

A
  • collection of low level echoes
  • non shadowing
  • usually dependent portion of GB
77
Q

___: a projection of tissue from the GB wall that protrudes into the lumen of the GB

A

polyp

78
Q

what are the most common types of polyps

A

cholesterol polyps

79
Q

polyps are often seen with what other GB pathology

A

cholesterolosis

80
Q

cholesyerolosis may also be referred to as what

A

strawberry GB

81
Q

S/S polyp

A

asymptomatic

82
Q

S/A polyp

A
  • hyperechoic
  • non shadowing
  • non mobile mass projecting from wall into lumen
83
Q

how to differ polyp from stone

A
  • stones will shadow and mobile and no flow
  • polyp attached to wall by stalk with feeder vessel and non shadowing
84
Q

___: a form of hyper plastic cholecystosis of the GB

A

adenomyomatosis

85
Q

S/S adenomyomatosis

A

asymptomatic

86
Q

S/A adenomyomatosis

A
  • focal or diffuse thickening of the GB wall
  • comet tail artifact seen
87
Q

___: the sudden onset of GB inflammation

A

acute cholecystitis

88
Q

what is the most common cause of acute cholecystitis

A

gallstone lodged in the cystic duct or neck of GB

89
Q

S/S acute cholecystitis

A
  • RUQ tenderness
  • epigastric or abd pain
  • leukocytosis
  • possible elevation in ALP, ALT, GGT and bilirubin
  • fever
  • pain radiating to shoulders
  • n/v
90
Q

S/A acute cholecystitis

A
  • gallstones
  • positive Murphy sign
  • wall thickening
  • gallbladder enlargement
  • pericholecystic fluid
  • sludge
91
Q

the presence of ___ and ___ is a strong indicator of acute cholecystitis

A

presence of sonographic Murphy sign and gallstones

92
Q

what is a differential of gangrenous cholecystitis

A

empyema of the GB also referred to as suppurative cholecystitis

93
Q

S/S gangrenous cholecystitis

A
  • RUQ pain
  • epigastric pain
  • leukocytosis
  • possible elevation of ALP, ALT, GGT and bilirubin
  • fever
  • pain that radiates to shoulders
  • n/v
94
Q

S/A gangrenous cholecystitis

A
  • gallstones
  • loss of sonographic Murphy sign
  • wall thickening
  • focal wall necrosis
  • loss of typical GB shape
  • pericholecystic fluid
  • sludge
95
Q

emphysematous cholecystitis is most often discovered in ____

A

diabetic patients

96
Q

___: a form of acute cholecystitis that is caused by gas forming infection invading the GB lumen, wall or both

A

emphysematous cholecystitis

97
Q

what sonographic sign is related to emphysematous cholecystitis

A

champagne sign

98
Q

what does the champagne sign associated with emphysematous cholecystitis show

A

gas bubble rising to the nondependent wall of the GB

99
Q

S/S emphysematous cholecystitis

A
  • diabetic
  • RUQ pain
  • fever
  • ca progress to sepsis
100
Q

S/A emphysematous cholecystitis

A
  • dirty shadowing, reverb or ring down emanating from the GB wall or lumen
  • champagne sign
101
Q

___: disease that results from intermittent obstruction of the cystic duct by gallstones resulting in multiple bouts of acute cholecystitis

A

chronic cholecystitis

102
Q

S/S chronic cholecystitis

A
  • intolerance to fatty foods
  • non tender gallbladder
103
Q

S/A chronic cholecystitis

A
  • contracted GB
  • WES sign
  • gallstones
  • wall thickening
104
Q

calculus cholecystitis is more commonly found in who

A

children, recently hospitalized patients, and immunocompromised

105
Q

S/S calculus cholecystitis

A
  • RUQ tenderness
  • epigastric or abdominal pain
  • leukocytosis
106
Q

S/A acalculous cholecystitis

A
  • positive sonographic Murphy sign
  • wall thickening
  • pericholecystic fluid
  • sludge
107
Q

the GB is considered enlarged if measuring over ___

A

5 cm in trv mmt

108
Q

what are some things that can cause GB enlargement

A

-blockage of cystic duct or other parts of biliary tree

109
Q

enlarged GB may be referred to as ___

A

hydronic GB

110
Q

___: the clinical detection of an enlarged GB caused by pancreatic head mass

A

Courvoisier GB

111
Q

GB hydrops in older infants and children may be associated with what

A

Kawasaki disease

112
Q

S/S GB enlargement

A
  • palpable GB
  • possible painless jaundice
  • possible elevated ALP, ALT, GGT
113
Q

S/A GB enlargement

A
  • GB measures >5cm
  • possible obstructive entities
114
Q

how can you differ porcelain GB from WES sign

A

you will see calcified posterior wall with porcelain GB and not with WES sign

115
Q

S/S porcelain GB

A

-asymptomatic

116
Q

S/A porcelain GB

A
  • calcification of GB wall
  • signs of chronic cholecystitis and gallstones may be present
117
Q

the most common metastatic disease od the GB is ___

A

malignant melanoma

118
Q

S/S GB carcinoma

A
  • weight loss
  • RUQ pain
  • jaundice
  • n/v
  • hepatomegaly
  • Possible elevated ALP, ALT, GGT, and bilirubin
119
Q

S/A GB carcinoma

A
  • nonmobile mass within lumen measuring greater than 1cm
  • diffuse or focal wall thickening
  • invasion of the mass into surrounding liver tissue
120
Q

what normal GB variant is shown here

A

phrygian cap

121
Q

what normal GB variant is shwon here

A

junctional fold

122
Q

what sign is shown in thsi image

A

WES sign

123
Q

what GB pathology is shown by the arrow

A

sludge

124
Q

what GB pathology is shown in this image

A

hepatization of the GB

125
Q

what GB disease is shown in the two images

A

GB polyp

126
Q

what GB pathology is shown here

A

adenomyomatosis

127
Q

what GB disease is shown by these two iamges

A

acute cholecystitis

128
Q

what GB disease is shown by these two images

A

gangrenous cholecystitis

129
Q

what GB pathology is shown here

A

emphysematous cholecystitis

130
Q

what is the sign shown in this image that is associated with emphysematous cholecystitis

A

champagn sign

131
Q

what GB pathology is shwon here

A

chronic cholecystitis

132
Q

what GB disease is shwon here

A

porcelain GB

133
Q

what GB pathology is shown here

A

GB carcinoma

Vocab Abdomen (14 decks)

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