The Gallbladder Flashcards
1
Q
___: the inflammation of the gallbladder without associated gallstones
A
acalculous cholecystitis
2
Q
___: the sudden onset of gallbladder inflammation
A
acute cholecystitis
3
Q
___: benign hyperplasia of the gallbladder wall
A
adenomyomatosis
4
Q
___: pain located in the right upper quadrant in the area of the gallbladder
A
biliary colic
5
Q
___: the effect of dirty shadowing, reverberation, or ring down artifact caused by gas or gas bubbles produced by bacteria within the nondepedent gallbladder wall
A
champagne sign
6
Q
___: the surgical removal of the gallbladder
A
cholecystectomy
7
Q
___: the hormone produced by the duodenum that causes the
gallbladder to contract
A
—the surgical removal of the gallbladder
8
Q
___: the presence of a gallstone or gallstones within the biliary tree
A
choledocholithiasis
9
Q
___: gallstones
A
cholelithiasis
10
Q
___: a condition that results from the disturbance in cholesterol metabolism and accumulation of cholesterol typically within a focal region of the gallbladder wall; may be diffuse and referred to as a strawberry gallbladder
A
cholesterolosis
11
Q
___: cholecystitis that results from the intermittent obstruction of the cystic duct by gallstones
A
chronic cholecystitis
12
Q
___: partially digested food from the stomach
A
chyme
13
Q
___: a form of reverberation artifact in which there is a band
of echoes that taper distal to a strong reflector
A
comet tail artifact
14
Q
___: the clinical detection of an enlarged, palpable gallbladder caused by a biliary obstruction in the area of the pancreatic head; typically caused by a pancreatic head mass
A
Courvoisier gallbladder
15
Q
___: chronic inflammatory bowel disease that leads to thickening and scarring of the bowel walls leading to chronic pain and recurrent bowel obstructions
A
Crohn disease
16
Q
___: the duct that connects the gallbladder to the common hepatic duct
A
cystic duct
17
Q
___: abnormal distention of an organ with air or gas
A
emphysematous
18
Q
___: the presence or collection of pus
A
empyema
19
Q
___: the twisting of the vascular supply to the gallbladder
A
gallbladder torsion
20
Q
___: an outpouching of the gallbladder neck
A
Hartmann pouch
21
Q
___: a condition that results in the destruction of red blood cells
A
hemolytic anemia
22
Q
___: situation in which the gallbladder is completely filled with tumefactive studge, causing the gallbladder to appear isoechoic to the liver tissue
A
hepatization of the gallbladder
23
Q
___: an enlarged gallbladder; also referred to as mucocele of the gallbladder
A
hydropic gallbladder
24
Q
___: the intravenous administration of nutrients and vitamins
A
hyperalimentation
25
\_\_\_: a group of proliferative and degenerative gallbladder disorders which includes both adenomyomatosis and cholesterolosis
hyperplastic cholecystosis
26
\_\_\_: abnormal low level of albumin in the blood; albumin is a protein produced in the liver
hypoalbuminemia
27
\_\_\_: a fold in the neck of the gallbladder
junctional fold
28
\_\_\_: a condition associated with vasculitis and can affect the lymph node, skin, and mucous membranes; also referred to as mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome
Kawasaki disease
29
\_\_\_: an elevated white blood cell count
leukocytosis
30
\_\_\_: pain directly over the gallbladder with applied probe pressure
Murphy sign
31
\_\_\_: the total number of completed pregnancies that have reached the age of viability
parity
32
\_\_\_: fluid around the gallbladder
pericholecystic fluid
33
\_\_\_: inflammation of the peritoneal lining
peritonitis
34
\_\_\_: gallbladder variant when the gallbladder fundus is folded onto itself
Phrygian cap
35
\_\_\_: the calcification of all or part of the gallbladder wall
porcelain gallbladder
36
\_\_\_: after a meal
postprandial
37
\_\_\_: tiny pockets within the gallbladder wall
Rokitansky–Aschoff sinuses
38
\_\_\_: a life-threatening condition caused by the body’s response to a systemic infection
sepsis
39
\_\_\_: an illness resulting from another disease, trauma, or injury
sequela
40
\_\_\_: form of hemolytic anemia typically found in Africans or people of African descent; characterized by dysfunctional sickle-shaped red blood cells
sickle cell disease
41
\_\_\_ folds located within the cystic duct that prevent it from collapsing and distending
spiral valves of Heister
42
\_\_\_: complication of acute cholecystitis characterized by pus accumulation within the gallbladder
suppurative cholecystitis
43
\_\_\_: thick sludge
tumefactive sludge
44
\_\_\_: the feeding of a person intravenously
total parenteral nutrition
45
\_\_\_: shadowing from the gallbladder fossa produced by a gallbladder that is completely filled with gallstones
wall-echo-shadow sign (WES)
46
is the gallbladder intraperitoneal or retro?
intra
47
function of the gallbladder
store and concentrate bile
48
what are the three gallbladder layers from outer to inner
serosal, fibromuscular, mucosal
49
the gallbladder neck is continuous with what
cystic duct
50
what is the most dependent portion of the GB
fundus
51
what is the most common locations for stones to collect
fundus
52
how is blood supplied to the GB
cystic artery
53
what is the hormone that causes the GB to contract?
cholecystokinin
54
what is a normal GB variant that shows an out pouching of the GB neck
hartman pouch
55
what is a normal GB variant that has a prominent fold located at the junction of the GB neck
junctional fold
56
what is a normal GB variant in which the fundus is folded onto itself
Phrygian cap
57
normal length of the GB in sag view
8-10cm
58
normal width of GB in a trv view
4-5cm
59
the GB wall should not measure more than \_\_\_
3mm or .3cm
60
what are some labs that are helpful to evaluate in the presence of suspected GB disease
- alk phos (ALP)
- ALT
- bilirubin
- GGT
- WBCs
61
what are some sources of diffuse GB wall thickening
- postprandial
- acute cholecystitis
- chronic cholecystitis
- adenomyomatosis
- hepatic dysfunction
- benign ascites
- hypoalbuminemia
- AIDS
- CHF
- GB carcinoma
62
what are some sources of focal GB wall thickening
- polyp
- adenomyomatosis
- carcinoma
- adhered gallstone
63
what are some cause of non visualization of the GB
- cholecystectomy
- WES sign
- postpradial
- chronic cholecysttits
- ectopic location
- agenesis
- hepatization of the GB
- air filled GB
64
\_\_\_: stones within the GB
cholelithiasis
65
gallstones typically consist of what things
- cholesterol
- calcium bilirubonate
- calcium carbonate
66
what are the 6 Fs that are related to the risk factors of cholelithiasis
- female
- fat
- fertile
- flatulent
- fair
- forty
67
other than the 6fs what are the other risk factors for cholelithiasis
- obesity
- pregnancy
- parity
- gestational diabetes
- estrogen therapy
- orla contraceptives
- rapid weight loss
- TPN
- crohn disease
68
\_\_\_: pain caused by gallstones
biliary colic
69
a gallbladder completely filled with stones would exhibit what sign?
WES sign wall echo shadow
70
S/S cholelithiasis
- asymptomatic
- biliary colic
- abdominal pain after fatty meals
- epigastric pain
- n/v
- pain that radiates to the shoulders
71
S/A cholelithiasis
- echogenic foci
- mobile
- wes sign may be present
- twinkle artifact may be seen posterior to stone
72
sludge is most often associated with what
biliary stasis
73
thick GB sludge can be referred to as what
tumefactive sludge
74
\_\_\_: GB completely filled with tumefactive sludge making the GB isoechoic to the liver tissue
hepatization of the GB
75
S/S sludge
- asymptomatic
- any reason for biliary stasis
76
S/A sludge
- collection of low level echoes
- non shadowing
- usually dependent portion of GB
77
\_\_\_: a projection of tissue from the GB wall that protrudes into the lumen of the GB
polyp
78
what are the most common types of polyps
cholesterol polyps
79
polyps are often seen with what other GB pathology
cholesterolosis
80
cholesyerolosis may also be referred to as what
strawberry GB
81
S/S polyp
asymptomatic
82
S/A polyp
- hyperechoic
- non shadowing
- non mobile mass projecting from wall into lumen
83
how to differ polyp from stone
- stones will shadow and mobile and no flow
- polyp attached to wall by stalk with feeder vessel and non shadowing
84
\_\_\_: a form of hyper plastic cholecystosis of the GB
adenomyomatosis
85
S/S adenomyomatosis
asymptomatic
86
S/A adenomyomatosis
- focal or diffuse thickening of the GB wall
- comet tail artifact seen
87
\_\_\_: the sudden onset of GB inflammation
acute cholecystitis
88
what is the most common cause of acute cholecystitis
gallstone lodged in the cystic duct or neck of GB
89
S/S acute cholecystitis
- RUQ tenderness
- epigastric or abd pain
- leukocytosis
- possible elevation in ALP, ALT, GGT and bilirubin
- fever
- pain radiating to shoulders
- n/v
90
S/A acute cholecystitis
- gallstones
- positive Murphy sign
- wall thickening
- gallbladder enlargement
- pericholecystic fluid
- sludge
91
the presence of ___ and ___ is a strong indicator of acute cholecystitis
presence of sonographic Murphy sign and gallstones
92
what is a differential of gangrenous cholecystitis
empyema of the GB also referred to as suppurative cholecystitis
93
S/S gangrenous cholecystitis
- RUQ pain
- epigastric pain
- leukocytosis
- possible elevation of ALP, ALT, GGT and bilirubin
- fever
- pain that radiates to shoulders
- n/v
94
S/A gangrenous cholecystitis
- gallstones
- loss of sonographic Murphy sign
- wall thickening
- focal wall necrosis
- loss of typical GB shape
- pericholecystic fluid
- sludge
95
emphysematous cholecystitis is most often discovered in \_\_\_\_
diabetic patients
96
\_\_\_: a form of acute cholecystitis that is caused by gas forming infection invading the GB lumen, wall or both
emphysematous cholecystitis
97
what sonographic sign is related to emphysematous cholecystitis
champagne sign
98
what does the champagne sign associated with emphysematous cholecystitis show
gas bubble rising to the nondependent wall of the GB
99
S/S emphysematous cholecystitis
- diabetic
- RUQ pain
- fever
- ca progress to sepsis
100
S/A emphysematous cholecystitis
- dirty shadowing, reverb or ring down emanating from the GB wall or lumen
- champagne sign
101
\_\_\_: disease that results from intermittent obstruction of the cystic duct by gallstones resulting in multiple bouts of acute cholecystitis
chronic cholecystitis
102
S/S chronic cholecystitis
- intolerance to fatty foods
- non tender gallbladder
103
S/A chronic cholecystitis
- contracted GB
- WES sign
- gallstones
- wall thickening
104
calculus cholecystitis is more commonly found in who
children, recently hospitalized patients, and immunocompromised
105
S/S calculus cholecystitis
- RUQ tenderness
- epigastric or abdominal pain
- leukocytosis
106
S/A acalculous cholecystitis
- positive sonographic Murphy sign
- wall thickening
- pericholecystic fluid
- sludge
107
the GB is considered enlarged if measuring over \_\_\_
5 cm in trv mmt
108
what are some things that can cause GB enlargement
-blockage of cystic duct or other parts of biliary tree
109
enlarged GB may be referred to as \_\_\_
hydronic GB
110
\_\_\_: the clinical detection of an enlarged GB caused by pancreatic head mass
Courvoisier GB
111
GB hydrops in older infants and children may be associated with what
Kawasaki disease
112
S/S GB enlargement
- palpable GB
- possible painless jaundice
- possible elevated ALP, ALT, GGT
113
S/A GB enlargement
- GB measures \>5cm
- possible obstructive entities
114
how can you differ porcelain GB from WES sign
you will see calcified posterior wall with porcelain GB and not with WES sign
115
S/S porcelain GB
-asymptomatic
116
S/A porcelain GB
- calcification of GB wall
- signs of chronic cholecystitis and gallstones may be present
117
the most common metastatic disease od the GB is \_\_\_
malignant melanoma
118
S/S GB carcinoma
- weight loss
- RUQ pain
- jaundice
- n/v
- hepatomegaly
- Possible elevated ALP, ALT, GGT, and bilirubin
119
S/A GB carcinoma
- nonmobile mass within lumen measuring greater than 1cm
- diffuse or focal wall thickening
- invasion of the mass into surrounding liver tissue
120
what normal GB variant is shown here
phrygian cap
121
what normal GB variant is shwon here
junctional fold
122
what sign is shown in thsi image
WES sign
123
what GB pathology is shown by the arrow
sludge
124
what GB pathology is shown in this image
hepatization of the GB
125
what GB disease is shown in the two images
GB polyp
126
what GB pathology is shown here
adenomyomatosis
127
what GB disease is shown by these two iamges
acute cholecystitis
128
what GB disease is shown by these two images
gangrenous cholecystitis
129
what GB pathology is shown here
emphysematous cholecystitis
130
what is the sign shown in this image that is associated with emphysematous cholecystitis
champagn sign
131
what GB pathology is shwon here
chronic cholecystitis
132
what GB disease is shwon here
porcelain GB
133
what GB pathology is shown here
GB carcinoma
