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vocab abdomen > Abdominal Sonography Overview > Flashcards

Abdominal Sonography Overview Flashcards

1
Q

___: a condition in which the red blood cell count or the hemoglobin is decreased

A

anemia

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2
Q

___: drug therapy in which anticoagulant medications are given to a patient to slow the rate at which the patient’s blood clots

A

anticoagulation therapy

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3
Q

___: a collection of abdominal fluid within the peritoneal cavity

A

ascites

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4
Q

___: the cells in the adrenal medulla that secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

chromaffin cells

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5
Q

___: the information gathered by obtaining a clinical history

A

clinical findings

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6
Q

___: patient’s signs and symptoms, pertinent illnesses, past surgeries, laboratory findings, and the results of other diagnostic testing

A

clinical history

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7
Q

___: disorders that result from the body’s inability to coagulate or form blood clots also referred to as bleeding disorders

A

coagulopathies

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8
Q

___: an imaging modality that uses X-ray to obtain cross-sectional images of the body in multiple planes; also referred to as CT or CAT scan

A

computed tomography

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9
Q

___: a sonographic technique employed to evaluate a mass based on its stiffness, ultimately providing a prediction as to whether a mass is more likely malignant or benign

A

elastography

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10
Q

___: a means of looking inside of the human body using an endoscope

A

endoscopy

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11
Q

___: a collection of abdominal fluid within the peritoneal cavity that may be associated with cancer

A

exudate ascites

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12
Q

___: a distinctive line seen within a cyst representing the layering of two different fluid densities

A

fluid-fluid level

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13
Q

___: hormone produced by the stomach lining that is used to regulate the release of digestive acid

A

gastrin

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14
Q

___: a laboratory value that indicates the amount of red blood cells in the blood

A

hematocrit

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15
Q

___: the body’s ability or tendency to maintain internal equilibrium by adjusting its physiologic processes

A

homeostasis

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16
Q

___: a condition that results from the overproduction of thyroid hormones

A

hyperthyroidism

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17
Q

___: a condition that results from the underproduction of thyroid hormones

A

hypothyroidism

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18
Q

___: something located within the lumen or opening of an organ or structure

A

intraluminal

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19
Q

___: located within the parietal peritoneum

A

intraperitoneal

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20
Q

___: cancer that causes lesions to develop on the skin and
other places; often associated with AIDS

A

Kaposi sarcoma

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21
Q

___: an elevated white blood cell count

A

leukocytosis

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22
Q

___: disease or enlargement of the lymph nodes

A

lymphadenopathy

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23
Q

___: build-up of lymph that is most likely caused by the obstruction of lymph drainage

A

lymphedema

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24
Q

___: he displacement or alteration of normal anatomy that is located adjacent to a tumor

A

mass effect

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25
Q

___: the space between the liver and the right kidney; also referred to as the posterior right subhepatic space

A

Morrison pouch

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26
Q

___: having many cavities

A

multiloculated

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27
Q

___: small solid internal projections of tissue originating from
the wall of cyst

A

mural nodules

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28
Q

___: hospital-acquired infections

A

nosocomial infections

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29
Q

___: a diagnostic imaging modality that utilizes the administration of radionuclides into the human body for an analysis of the function of organs or for the treatment of various abnormalities

A

nuclear medicine

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30
Q

___: large cells of glandular origin

A

oncocytes

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31
Q

___: a procedure that uses a needle to drain fluid from the
abdominal cavity for diagnostic and/or therapeutic reasons

A

paracentesis

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32
Q

___: the portion of the peritoneum that lines the abdominal and pelvic cavities

A

parietal peritoneum

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33
Q

___: endocrine gland located in the brain that secretes melatonin

A

pineal gland

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34
Q

___: a diagnostic imaging modality that uses ionizing radiation for
imaging bones, joints, organs, and some other soft tissue structures

A

radiography

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35
Q

___: posterior to the peritoneum

A

retroperitoneal

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36
Q

___: fluid that is secreted by the serous membranes to reduce friction in the peritoneal and other cavities of the body

A

serosal fluid

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37
Q

___: an objective evidence of a disease such as abnormal laboratory findings and fever

A

signs

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38
Q

___: information gathered by performing a sonographic examination

A

sonographic findings

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39
Q

___: the space between the urinary bladder and the pubic bone; also referred to as the retropubic space

A

space of Retzius

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40
Q

___: a gel pad that is used to provide some distance between the transducer face and the skin surface, allowing superficial structures to be imaged more clearly

A

standoff pad

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41
Q

___: any subjective evidence of a disease such as nausea, weakness, or numbness

A

symptoms

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42
Q

___: a procedure that uses a needle to drain fluid from the pleural cavity for either diagnostic or therapeutic reasons

A

thoracentesis

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43
Q

___: gland of the immune and lymphatic system located in the chest

A

thymus gland

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44
Q

___: a collection of abdominal fluid within the peritoneal cavity often associated with cirrhosis

A

transudate ascites

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45
Q

___: substances produced by cancer cells or organs in response to cancer

A

tumor markers

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46
Q

___: having a single cavity

A

unilocular

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47
Q

___: the portion of the peritoneum that is closely applied
to each organ

A

visceral peritoneum

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48
Q

___: a radiographic examination used to evaluate the lower urinary tract, where a contrast agent is instilled into the urinary bladder by means of urethral catheterization

A

voiding cystourethrogram

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49
Q

___: a congenital disorder that causes a person to retain excess copper

A

Wilson disease

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50
Q

___: the practices used to render an object or area free of pathogenic microorganisms

A

medical asepsis

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51
Q

___: fluid around the heart

A

pericardial effusion

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52
Q

___: fluid around the lungs

A

pleural effusion

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53
Q

___: a build up of lymphatic fluid

A

lymphedema

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54
Q

___: enlargement of a lymph node

A

lymphadenopathy

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55
Q

___: an abnormal collection of abdominal fluid

A

ascites

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56
Q

___: malignant form of ascites

A

exudate ascites

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57
Q

___: benign form of ascites

A

transudate ascites

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58
Q

normal echogenecity of the abdominal organs from greatest to darkest

A

renal sinus, pancreas, spleen, liver, renal cortex, renal pyramids, gallbladder

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59
Q

___: without echoes

A

anechoic

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60
Q

___: having both cystic and solid components

A

complex

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61
Q

___: a structure that produces echoes

A

echogenic

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62
Q

___: of different composition

A

heterogeneous

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63
Q

___: of uniform composition

A

homogenous

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64
Q

___: having many echoes

A

hyperechoic

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65
Q

___: having few echoes

A

hypoechoic

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66
Q

___: the the same echogenecity

A

isoechoic

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67
Q

how do anechoic structures appear on ultrasound

A

black

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68
Q

how do hyperechoic structures appear on ultrasound

A

brighter grey, white

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69
Q

how do hypoechoic structures appear on ultrasound

A

darker grey

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70
Q

simple cyst criteria

A

STAR

  • simple
  • through transmission
  • anechoic
  • round
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71
Q

what is one of the most common nosocomial infections in the hospital

A

UTI

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72
Q

alanine aminotransferase would be increased with what diseases?

A
  • biliary tree disease
  • pancreatic disease
  • hepatic disease
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73
Q

albumin would be decreased with what?

A

liver damage

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74
Q

alkaline phosphate would be increased with what?

A
  • biliary obstruction
  • liver cancer
  • pancreatic disease
  • gallstones
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75
Q

alkaline phosphate would be decreased with what disease

A

-willson disease

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76
Q

aspirate aminotransferase would be increased with what

A
  • liver damage
  • pancreatic disease
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77
Q

bilirubin would be increased with what

A
  • liver disease
  • biliary obstruction
  • other systemic disorders and syndromes
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78
Q

glutamyl transferase is increased with what

A
  • liver disease
  • biliary obstruction
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79
Q

PTT would increase with what

A
  • liver disease
  • hereditary coagulopathies
  • anticoagulation therapy
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80
Q

PTT would be decreased with what

A

-vitamin K deficiency

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81
Q

PT would be increased with what

A
  • liver disease
  • bleeding abnormalities
  • anticoagulation therapy
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82
Q

urobilirubin would be increased with what things

A
  • liver disease
  • biliary obstruction
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83
Q

calcitonin would be increased with what things

A
  • thyroid cancer
  • lung cancer
  • anemia
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84
Q

TSH is increased with what

A

hypothyroidism

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85
Q

TSH is decreased with what

A

hyperthyroidism

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86
Q

T3 and T4 are increased with what

A

hyperthyroidism

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87
Q

T3 and T4 are decreased with what

A

hypothyroidism

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88
Q

BUN is increased with what

A
  • renal disease
  • renal obstruction
  • dehydration
  • GI bleeding
  • CHF
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89
Q

creatinine would be increased with what

A
  • renal damage
  • renal infection
  • renal obstruction
90
Q

amylase will be increased with what

A
  • pancreatic disorders
  • gallbladder disease
  • biliary or pancreatic obstruction
91
Q

lipase will be increased with what

A
  • pancreatic disorders
  • gallbladder disease
  • biliary or pancreatic obstruction
92
Q

serum calcium would be increased with what

A

-parathyroid abnormalities

93
Q

PSA would be increased with what

A

prostate abnormalities

94
Q

hematocrit is decreased with what

A

hemorrhage

95
Q

WBC is increased with what

A

-inflammatory disease and infection

96
Q

normal adios body temperature should be ___

A

98.6

97
Q

normal adult pulse should be ____

A

60-100 bpm

98
Q

normal adult blood pressure should be ____

A

< 120/80

99
Q

normal adult respiration should be ___

A

12-20 breaths/ min

100
Q

sonographic images are typically recorded and stores in ___

A

PACS

101
Q

what does PACS stand for

A

picture archiving and communication system

102
Q

higher frequency transducers are used for what type of exams

A
  • thyroid
  • scrotum
  • MSK
103
Q

lower frequency transducers are used for what exam

A

abdominal

104
Q

higher frequency transducers = __ resolution and __ penetration

A

high freq= increased res, decreased pen

105
Q

lower frequency transducers = __ resolution and __ penetration

A

low freq= decreased res, increased pen

106
Q

anisotropy artifact is seen when scanning what

A

tendons

107
Q

___: artifact that occurs when the sound beam strikes a structure in a non perpendicular manner resulting in a loss of the true echogenecity of the structure

A

anistropy

108
Q

___: artifact that is caused by several small highly reflective interfaces

A

comet tail

109
Q

comet tail artifact is seen when?

A

adenomyomatosis of the gallbladder

110
Q

___: artifact that is caused by air or bowel gas

A

dirty shadowing

111
Q

when is dirty shadowing seen

A

posterior to mass within an abscess

112
Q

___: artifact that is seen deep to the margins of a round structure that have significantly different speeds of sound compared to surrounding tissue

A

edge shadowing

113
Q

what is the other name for edge showing

A

refractive shadowing

114
Q

when is edge shadowing artifact seen

A

appears are lines originating at the edge of cystic structures

115
Q

when is mirror image artifact seen

A

posterior to liver and diaphragm

116
Q

___: artifact that is caused by strong specular reflector and results in a copy of the anatomy places deeper than the current location

A

mirror image

117
Q

___: artifact that is caused by the sound bean is barley attenuated through fluid filled structure

A

posterior enhancement

118
Q

what are the other names for posterior enhancement

A
  • through transmission
  • acoustic enhancement
119
Q

when is posterior enhancement seen

A

posterior to cystic structures

120
Q

when is refract/ion artifact seen

A

when imaging through the rectus muscle of the abdominal wall

121
Q

___: artifact that is caused by the bending of the sound beam when it passes though an interface between two tissues with vastly dissimilar speeds of sound and the angle of approach is not perpendicular

A

refraction

122
Q

when is reverberation artifact seen

A

seen as an echogenic region In the anterior aspect of the gallbladder or other fluid filled structures

123
Q

___: artifact that is caused by large acoustic interface and subsequent production of false echoes

A

reverberation artifact

124
Q

when’s ring down artifact seen

A

gas bubbles within the abdomen; will appear as a solid streak or a chain of parallel bands radiating away from the structure

125
Q

___: artifact that is caused by attenuation of the sound beam

A

shadowing

126
Q

when is shadowing seen

A

posterior to bone and or calculi

127
Q

___: artifact that is caused by sound beams that are peripheral to the main sound beam

A

side lobe artifact

128
Q

when are side lobe artifact seen

A

seen as low level echoes within fluid mimicking sludge, debris or pus within a fluid filled structure like the gallbladder

129
Q

___: artifact that is caused by compression from 3d to 2d images

A

slice thickness artifact

130
Q

when is slice thickness seen

A

in the bladder

131
Q

the cardiovascular system has both ___ and ___ function

A

pulmonary and systemic function

132
Q

the pulmonary circulation of the cardiovascular system provides blood to the ___

A

lungs

133
Q

the systemic circulation of the cardiovascular system provides blood to the ___

A

rest of the body

134
Q

blood returning from the heart from the system circulation is via the ___

A

SVC and IVC

135
Q

the SVC and IVC empty into which chamber of the heart?

A

right atrium

136
Q

recognizing an enlargement of the IVC during an abdominal sonogram can be indicative of what

A

right sides heart failure

137
Q

what is the typical pattern of blood flow from artery to vein

A

arterioles- capillaries- venule- vein

138
Q

what organs are apart of the endocrine system

A
  • thyroid
  • parathyroid
  • adrenal
  • testicles
139
Q

endocrine glands release their hormones directly into ____

A

the bloodstream

140
Q

exocrine glands release their enzymes through ___

A

ducts

141
Q

which organs have both endocrine and exocrine functions

A
  • pancreas
  • testicles
142
Q

what is the pancreatic endocrine function

A

produce the hormones insulin, glycogen and somatostatin

143
Q

what is the exocrine function of the pancreas

A

produce digestive enzymes amylase, lipase, sodium bicarbonate and others

144
Q

what is the endocrine function of the testicles

A

produce testosterone

145
Q

what is the exocrine function of the testicle

A

produce and transport sperm

146
Q

if you are getting an absent Color Doppler signal what are some things you can do to help fix it?

A
  • decrease prf (scale)
  • turn up special gain
  • decrease wall filter
  • open sample gate
147
Q

___: doppler artifact that occurs when the sampling rate is not high enough to accurately display the doppler frequency shift

A

aliasing

148
Q

if aliasing occurs what are some ways to fix it

A
  • increase PRF
  • adjust baseline
  • increase the angle of intonation to decrease doppler shift
149
Q

___: doppler artifact that occurs from inappropriately high doppler settings

A

doppler noise

150
Q

when you see doppler noise artifact what can you do to fix it

A

reduce color gain setting or adjust wall filter

151
Q

___: doppler artifact that occurs behind strong granular and irregular surfaces like calculi or calcifications

A

twinkle artifact

152
Q

which body system supplies the body with oxygen, nutrients, hormones and WBCs and removes waste and toxins by pumping and transferring blood

A

cardiovascular system

153
Q

which body system provides metabolism, nutrient uptake, energy storage and the excretion of waste

A

digestive system

154
Q

which body system secretes hormones into the blood to control many different body functions

A

endocrine system

155
Q

which body system secretes hormones or juices through ducts

A

exocrine

156
Q

which organs make up the cardiovascular system

A
  • arteries
  • capillaries
  • heart
  • veins
157
Q

what organs make up the digestive system

A
  • liver
  • gallbladder
  • pancreas
  • esophagus
  • mouth
  • stomach
  • small and large bowel
158
Q

which organs make up the endocrine system

A
  • adrenals
  • liver
  • ovaries
  • pancreas
  • parathyroid
  • pineal gland
  • pituitary gland
  • testicles
  • thyroid
159
Q

what organs make up the exocrine gland

A
  • breast
  • pancreas
  • salivary gland
  • liver
160
Q

which body system collects and transports excess fluid, absorption of fats and immune response

A

lymphatic

161
Q

what organs make up the lymphatic system

A
  • adenoids
  • bone marrow
  • lymph nodes
  • spleen
  • thymus gland
  • tonsils
162
Q

which body system provides the structural support system for the body

A

musculoskeletal

163
Q

what organs make up MSK system

A
  • cartilage
  • connective tissue
  • joints
  • ligaments
  • muscles
  • tendons
164
Q

what organs make up the nervous system

A
  • brain
  • spinal cord
  • nerves
165
Q

which body system controls almost every organ system and structure in the body

A

nervous

166
Q

which body system supples the body with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide form the blood

A

respiratory

167
Q

what organs make up the respiratory system

A
  • bronchus
  • larynx
  • lungs
  • nasal cavity
  • pharynx
  • trachea
168
Q

which body system is responsible for production of new live

A

reproductive

169
Q

what organs make up the reproductive system in men

A
  • epididymis
  • prostate
  • scrotum
  • testes
  • vas deferens
170
Q

what organs make up the reproductive system in women

A
  • fallopian tubes
  • ovaries
  • uterus
  • vagina
171
Q

which body system maintains chemical and water balance, regulate blood pressure and filter waste products from the blood

A

urinary

172
Q

what organs make up the urinary system

A
  • kidneys
  • ureters
  • urethra
  • bladder
173
Q

what is the largest mass of lymphatic tissue

A

spleen

174
Q

the double lining of the abdominal cavity is the ____

A

peritoneum

175
Q

the peritoneum consists of two layers what are they

A

parietal and visceral

176
Q

the greater sac extends from ___ to ___

A

diaphragm to pelvis

177
Q

the lesser sac is located where

A

posterior to stomach

178
Q

which layer or peritoneum directly overs each organ

A

visceral

179
Q

___: abnormal collection of abdominal fluid

A

ascites

180
Q

___: malignant form of ascites

A

exudate ascites

181
Q

___: benign form of ascites

A

transudate ascites

182
Q

___: tumors that displace adjacent anatomy

A

mass effect

183
Q

list the retroperitoneal organs

A
  • abdominal lymph nodes
  • adrenal glands
  • aorta
  • ascending and descending colon
  • duodenum
  • IVC
  • kidneys
  • pancreas
  • prostate
  • ureters
  • bladder
  • uterus
184
Q

list the intraperitoneal organs

A
  • gallbladder
  • liver (except bare area)
  • ovaries
  • spleen (except bare area)
  • stomach
185
Q

what space is located inferior to the diaphragm

A

subphrenic space

186
Q

what space is located between the right lobe of the liver and the right kidney

A

morrison pouch

187
Q

what is the space that is located between the left lobe of the liver and the stomach

A

subhepatic space

188
Q

what is the space between the pubic bone and the urinary bladder

A

retropubic space

189
Q

what is the other name for the retropubic space

A

space of retzius

190
Q

what is the space between the stomach and the pancreas

A

lesser sac

191
Q

where is a common location for pancreatic pseudocysts

A

lesser sac

192
Q

what are the spaces that extend alongside the ascending and descending colon on both sides of the abdomen

A

parabolic gutters

193
Q

what is the space between the bladder and rectum in men

A

posterior cul de sac

194
Q

what is the posterior cul de sac in men also called

A

rectovesicle pouch

195
Q

what is the space between the uterus and rectum in women

A

posterior cul de sac

196
Q

what is the other name for posterior cul de sac inn women

A

rectouterine pouch

197
Q

what is the space between the bladder and the uterus

A

anterior cul de sac

198
Q

what is the other name for the anterior cul de sac

A

vesicouterine pouch

199
Q

what are some common pathologies that are associated with ascites

A
  • acute cholecystitis
  • cirrhosis
  • CHF
  • ectopic pregnancy
  • malignancy
  • portal hypertension
  • ruptures aortic aneurysm
200
Q

___: something that can be observed by others

A

sign

201
Q

is sign is ___

A

objective

202
Q

___: something felt by the person themselves

A

symptom

203
Q

a symptom is ___

A

subjective

204
Q

___: a group of clinically observable findings that exist together and allow for classification

A

syndrome

205
Q

___: the result of the incorrect functioning of an organ or body system

A

disease

206
Q

what artifact is seen here

A

anistropy

207
Q

what artifact is seen here in the gallbladder

A

comet tail artifact

208
Q

what artifact is shown here

A

dirty shadowing

209
Q

what artifact is shown in this image

A

edge shadowing

210
Q

what artifact is shown here

A

mirror image

211
Q

what artifact is shown here

A

posterior enhancemnt

212
Q

what artifact is shown here

A

refraction

213
Q

what artifact is shown here

A

reverberation

214
Q

what artifact is shown here

A

ring down artifact

215
Q

what artifact is shown here

A

shadowing

216
Q

what artifact is shown here

A

side lobes artifact

217
Q

what artifact is shown here

A

slice thickness

218
Q

what artifcat is seen here and what is it showing

A

twinkle artifact and showing a renal stone

219
Q

in what space is this fluid located

A

morrison pouch or right subhepatic space

220
Q

what space is this fluid located in

A

posterior cul de sac

vocab abdomen (14 decks)

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