Abdominal Sonography Overview Flashcards
1
Q
___: a condition in which the red blood cell count or the hemoglobin is decreased
A
anemia
2
Q
___: drug therapy in which anticoagulant medications are given to a patient to slow the rate at which the patient’s blood clots
A
anticoagulation therapy
3
Q
___: a collection of abdominal fluid within the peritoneal cavity
A
ascites
4
Q
___: the cells in the adrenal medulla that secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine
A
chromaffin cells
5
Q
___: the information gathered by obtaining a clinical history
A
clinical findings
6
Q
___: patient’s signs and symptoms, pertinent illnesses, past surgeries, laboratory findings, and the results of other diagnostic testing
A
clinical history
7
Q
___: disorders that result from the body’s inability to coagulate or form blood clots also referred to as bleeding disorders
A
coagulopathies
8
Q
___: an imaging modality that uses X-ray to obtain cross-sectional images of the body in multiple planes; also referred to as CT or CAT scan
A
computed tomography
9
Q
___: a sonographic technique employed to evaluate a mass based on its stiffness, ultimately providing a prediction as to whether a mass is more likely malignant or benign
A
elastography
10
Q
___: a means of looking inside of the human body using an endoscope
A
endoscopy
11
Q
___: a collection of abdominal fluid within the peritoneal cavity that may be associated with cancer
A
exudate ascites
12
Q
___: a distinctive line seen within a cyst representing the layering of two different fluid densities
A
fluid-fluid level
13
Q
___: hormone produced by the stomach lining that is used to regulate the release of digestive acid
A
gastrin
14
Q
___: a laboratory value that indicates the amount of red blood cells in the blood
A
hematocrit
15
Q
___: the body’s ability or tendency to maintain internal equilibrium by adjusting its physiologic processes
A
homeostasis
16
Q
___: a condition that results from the overproduction of thyroid hormones
A
hyperthyroidism
17
Q
___: a condition that results from the underproduction of thyroid hormones
A
hypothyroidism
18
Q
___: something located within the lumen or opening of an organ or structure
A
intraluminal
19
Q
___: located within the parietal peritoneum
A
intraperitoneal
20
Q
___: cancer that causes lesions to develop on the skin and
other places; often associated with AIDS
A
Kaposi sarcoma
21
Q
___: an elevated white blood cell count
A
leukocytosis
22
Q
___: disease or enlargement of the lymph nodes
A
lymphadenopathy
23
Q
___: build-up of lymph that is most likely caused by the obstruction of lymph drainage
A
lymphedema
24
Q
___: he displacement or alteration of normal anatomy that is located adjacent to a tumor
A
mass effect
25
\_\_\_: the space between the liver and the right kidney; also referred to as the posterior right subhepatic space
Morrison pouch
26
\_\_\_: having many cavities
multiloculated
27
\_\_\_: small solid internal projections of tissue originating from
the wall of cyst
mural nodules
28
\_\_\_: hospital-acquired infections
nosocomial infections
29
\_\_\_: a diagnostic imaging modality that utilizes the administration of radionuclides into the human body for an analysis of the function of organs or for the treatment of various abnormalities
nuclear medicine
30
\_\_\_: large cells of glandular origin
oncocytes
31
\_\_\_: a procedure that uses a needle to drain fluid from the
abdominal cavity for diagnostic and/or therapeutic reasons
paracentesis
32
\_\_\_: the portion of the peritoneum that lines the abdominal and pelvic cavities
parietal peritoneum
33
\_\_\_: endocrine gland located in the brain that secretes melatonin
pineal gland
34
\_\_\_: a diagnostic imaging modality that uses ionizing radiation for
imaging bones, joints, organs, and some other soft tissue structures
radiography
35
\_\_\_: posterior to the peritoneum
retroperitoneal
36
\_\_\_: fluid that is secreted by the serous membranes to reduce friction in the peritoneal and other cavities of the body
serosal fluid
37
\_\_\_: an objective evidence of a disease such as abnormal laboratory findings and fever
signs
38
\_\_\_: information gathered by performing a sonographic examination
sonographic findings
39
\_\_\_: the space between the urinary bladder and the pubic bone; also referred to as the retropubic space
space of Retzius
40
\_\_\_: a gel pad that is used to provide some distance between the transducer face and the skin surface, allowing superficial structures to be imaged more clearly
standoff pad
41
\_\_\_: any subjective evidence of a disease such as nausea, weakness, or numbness
symptoms
42
\_\_\_: a procedure that uses a needle to drain fluid from the pleural cavity for either diagnostic or therapeutic reasons
thoracentesis
43
\_\_\_: gland of the immune and lymphatic system located in the chest
thymus gland
44
\_\_\_: a collection of abdominal fluid within the peritoneal cavity often associated with cirrhosis
transudate ascites
45
\_\_\_: substances produced by cancer cells or organs in response to cancer
tumor markers
46
\_\_\_: having a single cavity
unilocular
47
\_\_\_: the portion of the peritoneum that is closely applied
to each organ
visceral peritoneum
48
\_\_\_: a radiographic examination used to evaluate the lower urinary tract, where a contrast agent is instilled into the urinary bladder by means of urethral catheterization
voiding cystourethrogram
49
\_\_\_: a congenital disorder that causes a person to retain excess copper
Wilson disease
50
\_\_\_: the practices used to render an object or area free of pathogenic microorganisms
medical asepsis
51
\_\_\_: fluid around the heart
pericardial effusion
52
\_\_\_: fluid around the lungs
pleural effusion
53
\_\_\_: a build up of lymphatic fluid
lymphedema
54
\_\_\_: enlargement of a lymph node
lymphadenopathy
55
\_\_\_: an abnormal collection of abdominal fluid
ascites
56
\_\_\_: malignant form of ascites
exudate ascites
57
\_\_\_: benign form of ascites
transudate ascites
58
normal echogenecity of the abdominal organs from greatest to darkest
renal sinus, pancreas, spleen, liver, renal cortex, renal pyramids, gallbladder
59
\_\_\_: without echoes
anechoic
60
\_\_\_: having both cystic and solid components
complex
61
\_\_\_: a structure that produces echoes
echogenic
62
\_\_\_: of different composition
heterogeneous
63
\_\_\_: of uniform composition
homogenous
64
\_\_\_: having many echoes
hyperechoic
65
\_\_\_: having few echoes
hypoechoic
66
\_\_\_: the the same echogenecity
isoechoic
67
how do anechoic structures appear on ultrasound
black
68
how do hyperechoic structures appear on ultrasound
brighter grey, white
69
how do hypoechoic structures appear on ultrasound
darker grey
70
simple cyst criteria
STAR
- simple
- through transmission
- anechoic
- round
71
what is one of the most common nosocomial infections in the hospital
UTI
72
alanine aminotransferase would be increased with what diseases?
- biliary tree disease
- pancreatic disease
- hepatic disease
73
albumin would be decreased with what?
liver damage
74
alkaline phosphate would be increased with what?
- biliary obstruction
- liver cancer
- pancreatic disease
- gallstones
75
alkaline phosphate would be decreased with what disease
-willson disease
76
aspirate aminotransferase would be increased with what
- liver damage
- pancreatic disease
77
bilirubin would be increased with what
- liver disease
- biliary obstruction
- other systemic disorders and syndromes
78
glutamyl transferase is increased with what
- liver disease
- biliary obstruction
79
PTT would increase with what
- liver disease
- hereditary coagulopathies
- anticoagulation therapy
80
PTT would be decreased with what
-vitamin K deficiency
81
PT would be increased with what
- liver disease
- bleeding abnormalities
- anticoagulation therapy
82
urobilirubin would be increased with what things
- liver disease
- biliary obstruction
83
calcitonin would be increased with what things
- thyroid cancer
- lung cancer
- anemia
84
TSH is increased with what
hypothyroidism
85
TSH is decreased with what
hyperthyroidism
86
T3 and T4 are increased with what
hyperthyroidism
87
T3 and T4 are decreased with what
hypothyroidism
88
BUN is increased with what
- renal disease
- renal obstruction
- dehydration
- GI bleeding
- CHF
89
creatinine would be increased with what
- renal damage
- renal infection
- renal obstruction
90
amylase will be increased with what
- pancreatic disorders
- gallbladder disease
- biliary or pancreatic obstruction
91
lipase will be increased with what
- pancreatic disorders
- gallbladder disease
- biliary or pancreatic obstruction
92
serum calcium would be increased with what
-parathyroid abnormalities
93
PSA would be increased with what
prostate abnormalities
94
hematocrit is decreased with what
hemorrhage
95
WBC is increased with what
-inflammatory disease and infection
96
normal adios body temperature should be \_\_\_
98.6
97
normal adult pulse should be \_\_\_\_
60-100 bpm
98
normal adult blood pressure should be \_\_\_\_
\< 120/80
99
normal adult respiration should be \_\_\_
12-20 breaths/ min
100
sonographic images are typically recorded and stores in \_\_\_
PACS
101
what does PACS stand for
picture archiving and communication system
102
higher frequency transducers are used for what type of exams
- thyroid
- scrotum
- MSK
103
lower frequency transducers are used for what exam
abdominal
104
higher frequency transducers = __ resolution and __ penetration
high freq= increased res, decreased pen
105
lower frequency transducers = __ resolution and __ penetration
low freq= decreased res, increased pen
106
anisotropy artifact is seen when scanning what
tendons
107
\_\_\_: artifact that occurs when the sound beam strikes a structure in a non perpendicular manner resulting in a loss of the true echogenecity of the structure
anistropy
108
\_\_\_: artifact that is caused by several small highly reflective interfaces
comet tail
109
comet tail artifact is seen when?
adenomyomatosis of the gallbladder
110
\_\_\_: artifact that is caused by air or bowel gas
dirty shadowing
111
when is dirty shadowing seen
posterior to mass within an abscess
112
\_\_\_: artifact that is seen deep to the margins of a round structure that have significantly different speeds of sound compared to surrounding tissue
edge shadowing
113
what is the other name for edge showing
refractive shadowing
114
when is edge shadowing artifact seen
appears are lines originating at the edge of cystic structures
115
when is mirror image artifact seen
posterior to liver and diaphragm
116
\_\_\_: artifact that is caused by strong specular reflector and results in a copy of the anatomy places deeper than the current location
mirror image
117
\_\_\_: artifact that is caused by the sound bean is barley attenuated through fluid filled structure
posterior enhancement
118
what are the other names for posterior enhancement
- through transmission
- acoustic enhancement
119
when is posterior enhancement seen
posterior to cystic structures
120
when is refract/ion artifact seen
when imaging through the rectus muscle of the abdominal wall
121
\_\_\_: artifact that is caused by the bending of the sound beam when it passes though an interface between two tissues with vastly dissimilar speeds of sound and the angle of approach is not perpendicular
refraction
122
when is reverberation artifact seen
seen as an echogenic region In the anterior aspect of the gallbladder or other fluid filled structures
123
\_\_\_: artifact that is caused by large acoustic interface and subsequent production of false echoes
reverberation artifact
124
when's ring down artifact seen
gas bubbles within the abdomen; will appear as a solid streak or a chain of parallel bands radiating away from the structure
125
\_\_\_: artifact that is caused by attenuation of the sound beam
shadowing
126
when is shadowing seen
posterior to bone and or calculi
127
\_\_\_: artifact that is caused by sound beams that are peripheral to the main sound beam
side lobe artifact
128
when are side lobe artifact seen
seen as low level echoes within fluid mimicking sludge, debris or pus within a fluid filled structure like the gallbladder
129
\_\_\_: artifact that is caused by compression from 3d to 2d images
slice thickness artifact
130
when is slice thickness seen
in the bladder
131
the cardiovascular system has both ___ and ___ function
pulmonary and systemic function
132
the pulmonary circulation of the cardiovascular system provides blood to the \_\_\_
lungs
133
the systemic circulation of the cardiovascular system provides blood to the \_\_\_
rest of the body
134
blood returning from the heart from the system circulation is via the \_\_\_
SVC and IVC
135
the SVC and IVC empty into which chamber of the heart?
right atrium
136
recognizing an enlargement of the IVC during an abdominal sonogram can be indicative of what
right sides heart failure
137
what is the typical pattern of blood flow from artery to vein
arterioles- capillaries- venule- vein
138
what organs are apart of the endocrine system
- thyroid
- parathyroid
- adrenal
- testicles
139
endocrine glands release their hormones directly into \_\_\_\_
the bloodstream
140
exocrine glands release their enzymes through \_\_\_
ducts
141
which organs have both endocrine and exocrine functions
- pancreas
- testicles
142
what is the pancreatic endocrine function
produce the hormones insulin, glycogen and somatostatin
143
what is the exocrine function of the pancreas
produce digestive enzymes amylase, lipase, sodium bicarbonate and others
144
what is the endocrine function of the testicles
produce testosterone
145
what is the exocrine function of the testicle
produce and transport sperm
146
if you are getting an absent Color Doppler signal what are some things you can do to help fix it?
- decrease prf (scale)
- turn up special gain
- decrease wall filter
- open sample gate
147
\_\_\_: doppler artifact that occurs when the sampling rate is not high enough to accurately display the doppler frequency shift
aliasing
148
if aliasing occurs what are some ways to fix it
- increase PRF
- adjust baseline
- increase the angle of intonation to decrease doppler shift
149
\_\_\_: doppler artifact that occurs from inappropriately high doppler settings
doppler noise
150
when you see doppler noise artifact what can you do to fix it
reduce color gain setting or adjust wall filter
151
\_\_\_: doppler artifact that occurs behind strong granular and irregular surfaces like calculi or calcifications
twinkle artifact
152
which body system supplies the body with oxygen, nutrients, hormones and WBCs and removes waste and toxins by pumping and transferring blood
cardiovascular system
153
which body system provides metabolism, nutrient uptake, energy storage and the excretion of waste
digestive system
154
which body system secretes hormones into the blood to control many different body functions
endocrine system
155
which body system secretes hormones or juices through ducts
exocrine
156
which organs make up the cardiovascular system
- arteries
- capillaries
- heart
- veins
157
what organs make up the digestive system
- liver
- gallbladder
- pancreas
- esophagus
- mouth
- stomach
- small and large bowel
158
which organs make up the endocrine system
- adrenals
- liver
- ovaries
- pancreas
- parathyroid
- pineal gland
- pituitary gland
- testicles
- thyroid
159
what organs make up the exocrine gland
- breast
- pancreas
- salivary gland
- liver
160
which body system collects and transports excess fluid, absorption of fats and immune response
lymphatic
161
what organs make up the lymphatic system
- adenoids
- bone marrow
- lymph nodes
- spleen
- thymus gland
- tonsils
162
which body system provides the structural support system for the body
musculoskeletal
163
what organs make up MSK system
- cartilage
- connective tissue
- joints
- ligaments
- muscles
- tendons
164
what organs make up the nervous system
- brain
- spinal cord
- nerves
165
which body system controls almost every organ system and structure in the body
nervous
166
which body system supples the body with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide form the blood
respiratory
167
what organs make up the respiratory system
- bronchus
- larynx
- lungs
- nasal cavity
- pharynx
- trachea
168
which body system is responsible for production of new live
reproductive
169
what organs make up the reproductive system in men
- epididymis
- prostate
- scrotum
- testes
- vas deferens
170
what organs make up the reproductive system in women
- fallopian tubes
- ovaries
- uterus
- vagina
171
which body system maintains chemical and water balance, regulate blood pressure and filter waste products from the blood
urinary
172
what organs make up the urinary system
- kidneys
- ureters
- urethra
- bladder
173
what is the largest mass of lymphatic tissue
spleen
174
the double lining of the abdominal cavity is the \_\_\_\_
peritoneum
175
the peritoneum consists of two layers what are they
parietal and visceral
176
the greater sac extends from ___ to \_\_\_
diaphragm to pelvis
177
the lesser sac is located where
posterior to stomach
178
which layer or peritoneum directly overs each organ
visceral
179
\_\_\_: abnormal collection of abdominal fluid
ascites
180
\_\_\_: malignant form of ascites
exudate ascites
181
\_\_\_: benign form of ascites
transudate ascites
182
\_\_\_: tumors that displace adjacent anatomy
mass effect
183
list the retroperitoneal organs
- abdominal lymph nodes
- adrenal glands
- aorta
- ascending and descending colon
- duodenum
- IVC
- kidneys
- pancreas
- prostate
- ureters
- bladder
- uterus
184
list the intraperitoneal organs
- gallbladder
- liver (except bare area)
- ovaries
- spleen (except bare area)
- stomach
185
what space is located inferior to the diaphragm
subphrenic space
186
what space is located between the right lobe of the liver and the right kidney
morrison pouch
187
what is the space that is located between the left lobe of the liver and the stomach
subhepatic space
188
what is the space between the pubic bone and the urinary bladder
retropubic space
189
what is the other name for the retropubic space
space of retzius
190
what is the space between the stomach and the pancreas
lesser sac
191
where is a common location for pancreatic pseudocysts
lesser sac
192
what are the spaces that extend alongside the ascending and descending colon on both sides of the abdomen
parabolic gutters
193
what is the space between the bladder and rectum in men
posterior cul de sac
194
what is the posterior cul de sac in men also called
rectovesicle pouch
195
what is the space between the uterus and rectum in women
posterior cul de sac
196
what is the other name for posterior cul de sac inn women
rectouterine pouch
197
what is the space between the bladder and the uterus
anterior cul de sac
198
what is the other name for the anterior cul de sac
vesicouterine pouch
199
what are some common pathologies that are associated with ascites
- acute cholecystitis
- cirrhosis
- CHF
- ectopic pregnancy
- malignancy
- portal hypertension
- ruptures aortic aneurysm
200
\_\_\_: something that can be observed by others
sign
201
is sign is \_\_\_
objective
202
\_\_\_: something felt by the person themselves
symptom
203
a symptom is \_\_\_
subjective
204
\_\_\_: a group of clinically observable findings that exist together and allow for classification
syndrome
205
\_\_\_: the result of the incorrect functioning of an organ or body system
disease
206
what artifact is seen here
anistropy
207
what artifact is seen here in the gallbladder
comet tail artifact
208
what artifact is shown here
dirty shadowing
209
what artifact is shown in this image
edge shadowing
210
what artifact is shown here
mirror image
211
what artifact is shown here
posterior enhancemnt
212
what artifact is shown here
refraction
213
what artifact is shown here
reverberation
214
what artifact is shown here
ring down artifact
215
what artifact is shown here
shadowing
216
what artifact is shown here
side lobes artifact
217
what artifact is shown here
slice thickness
218
what artifcat is seen here and what is it showing
twinkle artifact and showing a renal stone
219
in what space is this fluid located
morrison pouch or right subhepatic space
220
what space is this fluid located in
posterior cul de sac
