The Fetal Head and Brain Pathology

Question 1

The absence of the cranial vault above the bony orbits

Answer 1

Acrania

Question 2

The congenital absence of the corpus callosum which may be partial or complete

Answer 2

Agenesis of the corpus callosum

Question 3

The most severe form of holoprosencephaly

Answer 3

Alobar holoprosencephaly

Question 4

A neural tube defect that is described as the absence of the cranium and cerebral hemisphere

Answer 4

Anencephaly

Question 5

The absence of the eye(s)

Answer 5

Anophthalmia

Question 6

Genetic disorder that includes craniosynostosis, midline facial hypoplasia, and syndactyly

Answer 6

Apert Syndrome

Question 7

The abnormal narrowing of the cerebral aqueduct

Answer 7

Aqueductal Stenosis

Question 8

Benign cysts within the brain that do not communicate with the ventricular system

Answer 8

Arachnoid Cysts

Question 9

A group of cranial abnormalities associated with spina bifida

Answer 9

Arnold-Chiari II Malformation

Question 10

Round skull head shape

Answer 10

Brachycephalic

Question 11

Colse-set eyes (hypotelorism) and a nose with a single nostril

Answer 11

Cebocephaly

Question 12

The abnormal lateral ventricle shape in which there is a small frontal horn and enlarged occipital horn

Answer 12

Colpocephaly

Question 13

The obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid from a source outside the ventricular system

Answer 13

Communicating Hydrocephaly

Question 14

Fusion of the orbits

Answer 14

Cyclopia

Question 15

A spectrum of posterior fossa abnormalities that involves the cystic dilatation of the cisterna magna and fourth ventricle

Answer 15

Dandy-Walker Complex

Question 16

Congenital brain malformation in which there is an enlargement of the cisterna magna, agenesis of the cerebellar vermis, and dilation of the fourth ventricle

Answer 16

Dandy-Walker Malformation

Question 17

A sonographic sign associated with ventriculomegaly when the choriod plexus is noted hanging freely within the dilated lateral ventricle

Answer 17

Dangling Cord Sign

Question 18

An elongated, narrow head shape; may also be referred to as scaphocephaly

Answer 18

Dolichocephaly

Question 19

A form of acrania in which in which the entire cerebrum is located outside the skull

Answer 19

Exencephaly

Question 20

Herniation of abdominal contents through a right-sided, periumbilical abdominal wall defect

Answer 20

Gastroschisis

Question 21

A group of brain abnormalities consisting of varying degrees of fusion of the lateral ventricles, absence of the midline structures, an associated facial anomalies

Answer 21

Holoprosencephaly

Question 22

A fatal condition in which the entire cerebrum is replaced by a large sac containing cerebrospinal fluid

Answer 22

Hydranencephaly

Question 23

Refers to the dilatation of the ventricular system caused by an increased volume of cerebrospinal fluid, resulting in increased intraventricular pressure

Answer 23

Hydrocephalus

Question 24

An abnormal accumulation of fluid in at least two fetal body cavities

Answer 24

Hydrops

Question 25

Incomplete growth of a structure or an organ

Answer 25

Hypoplasia

Question 26

Reduced distance between the orbits

Answer 26

Hypotelorism

Question 27

General term used to denote a hemorrhage within the hemorrhage

Answer 27

Intracranial Hemorrhage

Question 28

Hemorrhage located within the ventricles of the brain

Answer 28

Intraventricular Hemorrhage

Question 29

"Smooth brain"; condition where there is a little to no gyri or sulci within the cerebral cortex

Answer 29

Lissencephaly

Question 30

The least severe form of the holoprosencephaly

Answer 30

Lobar Holoprosencephaly

Question 31

An enlarged head circumference

Answer 31

Macrocephaly

Question 32

A fetal syndrome associated with microcephaly, occipital encephalocele, polydactyly, and polycystic kidneys

Answer 32

Meckel-Gruber Syndrome

Question 33

A subdivision within the middle of the lip

Answer 33

Median Cleft Lip

Question 34

An enlargement of the cisterna magna as defined by as defined by a depth of more than 10mm

Answer 34

Mega Cisterna Magna

Question 35

Herniation of the cranial or spinal meninges because of an open cranial or a spinal defect

Answer 35

Meningocele

Question 36

Small head

Answer 36

Microcephaly

Question 37

One large ventricle within the brain associated with holoprosencephaly

Answer 37

Monoventricle

Question 38

Mass that results from spina bifida that contains the spinal cord and the meninges

Answer 38

Myelomeningocele

Question 39

The obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid from a source within the ventricular system

Answer 39

Noncommunicating Hydrocephalus

Question 40

An anterior abdominal wall defect where there is herniation of the fetal bowel and other abdominal organs into the base of the umbilical cord

Answer 40

Omphalocele

Question 41

A condition in which a cyst, most often caused by an intraparenchymal hemorrhage, communicates with a lateral ventricle

Answer 41

Porencephaly

Question 42

Fleshy, tongue-like appendage that is typically located within the midline above the orbits in association with cyclopia and holoprosencephaly

Answer 42

Proboscis

Question 43

A cerebral malformation associated with the development of fluid-filled clefts

Answer 43

Schizencephaly

Question 44

A group of neural tube defects that describe some manifestation of incomplete closure of the spine

Answer 44

Spinal Dysraphism

Question 45

The most common lethal skeletal dysplasia characterized by a cloverleaf skull with frontal bossing and hydrocephalus

Answer 45

Thanatophoric Dysplasia

Question 46

An acronym that stands for a group of infections that may be acquired by a women during pregnancy

Answer 46

TORCH infections

Question 47

A fetus that has three of every chromosome

Answer 47

Triploidy

Question 48

Chromosomal aberration in which there is a third chromosome 8; also referred to as Warkany Syndrome 2

Answer 48

Trisomy 8

Question 49

Chromosomal aberration in which there is a third chromosome 13; also referred to as Patau Syndrome; often associated with holoprosencephaly

Answer 49

Trisomy 13

Question 50

Chromosomal aberration in which there is a third chromosome 18; also referred to as Edwards syndrome

Answer 50

Trisomy 18

Question 51

Chromosomal aberration in which there is a third chromosome 21; also referred to as Down Syndrome

Answer 51

Trisomy 21

Question 52

An arteriovenous malformation that occurs within the fetal brain and is associated with congestive heart failure

Answer 52

Vein of Galen Aneurysm