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History - Power and the People > The English Civil War > Flashcards

The English Civil War Flashcards

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1
Q

When did the English Civil War begin?

A

August 1642

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2
Q

Who fought whom?

A

The Roundheads (parliament) against the Cavaliers (royalists)

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3
Q

Who supported the king and why?

A

The wealthy landowners supported the king, as a way to show personal loyalty and to keep in place the social structure they benefitted from.

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4
Q

Who supported parliament and why?

A

The middle class and peasant workers supported parliament, as there was a less rigid social hierarchy in parliament.

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5
Q

What were the clear geographical allegiences?

A

The king’s support was mostly from the north, and parliament had support in the south and in London.

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6
Q

What caused the geographical allegiances?

A

It was partially due to a merchant class (traders and business men for example) who were not happy about the taxes Charles had been imposing.

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7
Q

What 5 factors led to people supporting who they chose?

A

-Merchant class unhappy about taxes Charles had been imposing
-Religious and political reforms brought in by Charles made many people go against him and support parliament
-Many felt Charles’ personality did not make him a good king
-People divided their families so that no matter who won, they would be on a winning side
-Many poorer people were forced to support whoever their lord supported

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8
Q

What was the first battle of war and when?

A

The Battle of Edgehill in 1642

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9
Q

Who won the Battle of Edgehill?

A

There was no clear winner.

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10
Q

What had the king tried to do in the Battle of Edgehill?

A

He tried to take London but failed, and withdrew to Oxford.

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11
Q

Both sides fought using what in the Battle of Edgehill?

A

Cavalry and Infantry.

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12
Q

Who was one of the most prominent royalist commanders?

A

The king’s nephew, Prince Rupert

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13
Q

What tactic did parliamentary forces use against Rupert?

A

Propaganda

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14
Q

What 2 ways did propaganda help parliamentary forces?

A

-It made people think Rupert was weak, as well as the king

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15
Q

Who was Oliver Cromwell?

A

He was the Member of Parliament for Cornwall and had been leading the Roundheads against the Cavaliers.

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16
Q

Who was Thomas Fairfax?

A

He had led the Roundheads against the Cavaliers with Oliver Cromwell. He was a lord who had once worked with Charles to fight the Scots; he joined the parliamentary forces in 1642.

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17
Q

What was Cromwell committed to?

A

Removing the king.

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18
Q

What new army did Oliver Cromwell make?

A

The New Model Army

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19
Q

What did Cromwell recruit people to the New Model Army on?

A

Ability, rather than privilege.

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20
Q

What 2 things were the men in the New Model Army not allowed to do?

A

Drink or swear.

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21
Q

When was the New Model Army used for the first time?

A

1645

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22
Q

What battle were the New Model Army used in first?

A

The Battle of Naseby

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23
Q

What battle influenced Cromwell to make the new army and why?

A

The Battle of Marston Moor as it could have been a defeat for his side.

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24
Q

How many men were in the New Model Army compared to the king’s army?

A

The New Model Army had 14,000 men, the king had 9,000 men.

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25
Q

What battle was the end of the king’s last great army?

A

The Battle of Naseby

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26
Q

What 2 cities did the New model Army capture by 1646?

A

Bristol and then Oxford

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27
Q

Why was Charles writing to the Scottish parliament when he was imprisoned?

A

To convince them to raise arms against the English parliament and the New Model Army.

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28
Q

What did Charles promise the Scottish Parliament?

A

A Presbyterian Church in England.

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29
Q

What caused the beginning of the Second Civil War?

A

The Scots raised an army against Cromwell.

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30
Q

Where did the 2 sides meet at the Second Civil War?

A

The Battle of Preston

31
Q

When was the Battle of Preston?

A

1648

32
Q

Who lost the Battle of Preston and what did this show?

A

The Scots were defeated and Charles had proved he could not be trusted.

33
Q

When was ‘Pride’s Purge’?

A

December 1648

34
Q

What did ‘Pride’s Purge’ mean for the king?

A

It meant he would stand in trial with no supporters.

34
Q

What was ‘Pride’s Purge’?

A

The regiment of Colonel Thomas Pride surrounded the Houses of Parliament and refused entry to MPs who were known to support negotiations with the king.

35
Q

What was the remaining name of parliament after ‘Pride’s Purge’?

A

Rump Parliament

36
Q

What was the first problem for parliament at the trial of Charles I?

A

Out of 135 commissioners due to attend, only 68 turned up.

37
Q

Which important member of parliament did not attend the trial of Charles I?

A

Thomas Fairfax

38
Q

Who, close to Fairfax, did arrive at the trial of Charles I but supported who?

A

Thomas Fairfax’s wife attended, and is reported to have supported the king.

39
Q

What did Charles refuse to do at his trial?

A

Give a plea - he would not say if he was guilty or not.

40
Q

Who was the court president?

A

John Bradshaw

41
Q

What did Bradshaw order the king to do at his trial?

A

Be removed

42
Q

What did Bradshaw wear at Charles’ trial as he knew things would get heated?

A

A specially made bulletproof hat

43
Q

What 3 things did the court hear about Charles from witness statements?

A

-He was guilty of starting the war by trying to raise an army in Nottingham
-He approved of the ill-treatment of parliamentary forces during the war - calling his own subjects enemies
-He was plotting his son to start another war while negotiating with parliament

44
Q

When did parliament find King Charles I guilty of treason and sentenced him to death?

A

27 January 1649

45
Q

How did Bradshaw justify Charles being found guilty of treason and sentenced to death?

A

He said that Charles had not done his duty by calling regular parliaments, attacking the basic liberties of the country.

46
Q

Why did Parliament make Charles wait hours for his execution?

A

-The executioners not turning up - they were too scared to be the one to kill the king
-Legalisation - parliament had to secure a law that said no new monarch could be installed on the king’s death

47
Q

When was King Charles I beheaded?

A

30 January 1649

48
Q

What did Cromwell describe the king’s execution as?

A

A cruel necessity.

49
Q

What was the name for the republic under the leadership of parliament after Charles’ death?

A

The Commonwealth

50
Q

Who was the leader of the Commonwealth?

A

Oliver Cromwell

51
Q

What are 5 positive views of Cromwell’s rule?

A

-He won wars against the Dutch and Spanish
-He restored England’s reputation abroad
-He introduced the Navigation Act
-People were free to worship in any way they liked
-Ordinary people felt that Cromwell was on their side

52
Q

When did Cromwell introduce the Navigation Act?

A

1651

53
Q

What did the Navigation Act of 1651 state?

A

Any ship coming into or leaving England had to be English.

54
Q

Who did Cromwell appoint to the 11 districts he created?

A

Major Generals

55
Q

Why did people resent the presence of these Major Generals so much?

A

They kept strict controls on many aspects of life: they even tried to stop Christmas celebrations.

56
Q

Who were the Levellers?

A

A religious group who believed in equality.

57
Q

What did Cromwell do to the levellers?

A

He imprisoned them and killed their leaders.

58
Q

What did Cromwell do in Ireland?

A

He laid siege to the town of Drogheda, and even when the townspeople surrendered he killed them - including women and children.

59
Q

Whose land did Cromwell take to give to who?

A

Land was taken from Catholics in Ireland and given to Protestants, so England would always have allies in Ireland.

60
Q

Why did Cromwell ban sinful activities?

A

To ensure that the Common Wealth was Godly

61
Q

What emerged from the many challenges in Cromwell’s protectorate?

A

A political and religious radicalism.

62
Q

The Civil War developed what kind of groups?

A

Protestant groups, which would challenge Cromwell’s authority.

63
Q

What was the biggest challenge to the Commonwealth?

A

A group called the Levellers.

64
Q

What did the Levellers want?

A

A reform to political representation for the men who had fought in the New Model Army.

65
Q

Who was the leader of the levellers?

A

John Lilburne.

66
Q

What happened to Lilburne?

A

He was imprisoned.

67
Q

When did Cromwell die?

A

1658.

68
Q

Who took over when Cromwell died?

A

His son, Richard.

69
Q

When did Richard resign and why?

A

He resigned in 1659 as he was not interested in politics.

70
Q

Who took the throne after Richard resigned?

A

Charles II

71
Q

When was Charles II crowned the king of England, Scotland and Ireland?

A

1660

72
Q

What happened to Cromwells’s body after his death?

A

It was dug up from his grave and hung in Tyburn. His head was placed on a spike, where it stayed for decades.

73
Q

How did most people feel about having a king back on the throne?

A

Happy.

History - Power and the People (25 decks)

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