the cell and tissues Flashcards
smallest living unit of structure and function humans have 46 chromosomes/ 23 pairs in each
cell
largest cell in the human body
ovum
smallest cell in the body
sperm
3 main parts of a cell
plasma membrane. cytoplasm, nucleus
the external structure of the cell
AKA cell membrane
plasma membrane
the substance inside the cell
intracellular fluid
cytoplasm
the command center of the cell
nucleus
gatekeeper or “bouncer”/ selectively permeable made of phospholipids and cholesterol
plasma membrane
cell glue “living matter”
contains the nucleus and organelles
cytoplasm
contains DNA
directs activity of the organelles
nucleus
controls mitosis
surrounded by the nuclear membrane
nucleus
nucleoplasm is the stuff inside of it
nucleus
this contains the nucleolus and chromatin
nucleoplasm
an organelle that consists of sacs and canals uses ribosomes to synthesize protiens
rough endoplasmic reticulum
an organelle that consists of sacs and canals synthesizes lipids and helps eliminate toxins
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
an organelle
protien factories; RNA
ribosomes
an organelle that processes molecules from the ER packs and transports carbs and protiens
golgi apparatus
an organelle
powerhouse of the cell; turns glucose to ATP
Mitochondria
an organelle
digestive system of the cell gets rid of waste
lysosome
an organelle that is rod-shaped
assists during mitosis (cell reproduction); spindle
centrioles
an organelle
little feet to move material over cell
cillia
an organelle
moves the sperm cell; tail
flagalia
chemical used as energy in mitochondria
AKA adenosine triphoshate
ATP
fingerlike projections of the cell membrane that increase surface area and aid in absorbing substances from extracellular fluid
mircovilli
cleaner of the cell
aka suicide sacs (they sacrifice selves for the cell)
lysosomes
found in the nucleoplasm, it programs the formation of ribosomes
the nucleous
little bits of DNA immature genetic material
chromatin
during this process of cell division, DNA molecules turn into chromosomes
mitosis
a type of transport that requires cellular energy from ATP produced in mitochondria
active transport
a type of transport that involves a low to high concentration
active transport
a type of transport that involves no cellular energy
passive transport
a type of transport that involves a high to low concentration
passive transport
2 kinds of passive transport
diffusion
filtration
process by which substances scatter evenly throughout an available space
diffusion
2 kinds of diffusion
osmosis
dialysis
Diffusion of water across a Premeable membrane
Osmosis
Diffusion of water and solutes (filter)
Dialysis
Water and solutes are pushed through the membrane by hydrostatic pressure
Filtration
A type of passive transport
Example, coffee, and coffee maker
Filtration
Three kinds ____ ______
Active transport
A type of active transport
A.k.a. permease system
Ion pump
A type of active transport moves ions across the membrane against a concentration gradient
Ion pump
Proteins structure in cell membrane, called a carrier, created by energy in active transport
Ion pump
A type of active transport cell eats another cell
Phagocytosis
A type of active transport cell sucks another cell dry
Pinocytosis
Combination of solute and solvent
A solution
Word for water only
Solvent
Substance absorbed by solvent (dissolved substances)
Solute
Three types of solutes
Hypertonic
Hypotonic
Isotonic
More solute than solvent
Hypertonic
Less solute than solvent
Hypotonic
50/50 solute and solvent
Isotonic
Cell implosion from hypertonicity
crenation
Cell swelling from hypotonicity
Lysis
Stages of cell division
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
PMAT
Cell phase when most activities are carried on no energy used resting in terms of cell division
Interphase
Phase of DNA replication when chromatin becomes chromosomes
Prophase
Phase of DNA replication, when spindle fibers appear nucleolus and nuclear envelope disappear
Prophase
Phase of DNA replication when chromosomes move into center of cell
Metaphase
Phase of DNA replication when chromosomes are pulled from the center via spindle fibers
Anaphase
Phase of DNA replication everything divides cell division, complete
Telophase
Four types of tissue
Connective
Muscular
Epithelial
Nervous
Glia and neuron cells are in this type of tissue, rapid communication system and controls body
Nervous tissue
Nervous systems cells supporting tissue for neurons “ nerve glue”
Neuroglia
Nervous system cells it’s conducting units are dendrites and axons
Neurons
This structure takes information to the neuron cell body
Dendrite
This structure carries information away from the neuron cell body
Axon
Three types of muscle tissue
Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
Striated, involuntary muscle tissue
Moves the bone
Skeletal
Striated and involuntary muscle tissue
Dark bands called Intercalated discs
Cardiac
Smooth and involuntary tissue (in blood vessels, hollow organs, intestines, bronchial tubes)
Smooth
Type of tissue packed tightly little or no matrix little or no intercellular material
Epithelial
This tissues function: secretion, absorption, and protection
Epithelial
4 shapes of a epithelial tissue
Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
Transitional
Epithelial tissue that is flat and scale like
Squamous
Epithelial tissue that is longer than wide
Columnar
Epithelial tissue that varies in shapes and stretches
Transitional
Most abundant and widely distributed tissue, function: connects and supports
Connective tissue
7 types of connective tissue
Fibrous areolar bone blood adipose cartilage hemopoietic
Most abundant type of connective tissue
Areolar
Tissue that includes collagen for tendons( strong, white, and flexible does not stretch)
Fibrous
Has a calcified matrix hard and rigid osteons are the cells that make it up
Bone
Hard but flexible, “firm plastic or gristle like gel” chondrocytes, are the cells that make it up
Cartilage
A type of connective tissue
Liquid matrix carries nutrients and hormones
Blood
The matrix of blood largest part of blood, carries water, salts, and enzymes light, yellow color
Plasma
Forms red blood cells in lymphatic system sells
Hemopoietic
Connects bone to bone
Ligaments
Connects muscle to bone
Tendons
Dilute salt water solution that bathes cells
AKA tissue fluid
Interstitial fluid
The process of division of the nucleus involved in cell reproduction; cell reproduces itself
Mitosis
The process of cell division that have the number of chromosomes in reproductive cells (ova and sperm)
Meiosis
Single layer of very thin and irregularly shaped cells
Simple squamous epithelial
Several layers of cells, closely packed protects body against invasion by micro organisms
Stratified squamous epithelial
Proteins on the cell membranes, outer surface serves as___ for certain other molecules
Protein receptors
This identifies a cell as coming from a specific individual due to its surface proteins
Plasma membrane
A component of the plasma membrane that helps stabilize the phospholipid molecules to prevent breakage of the plasma membrane
Cholesterol
Two processes of proteins synthesis
Transcription and translation
Swelling due to fluids, trapped in body tissues
Edema
A small particle of an element
Made up of protons, neutrons and electrons
Atom
A combination of two or more atoms
Molecule
Composed of two or more elements mixture, called matter, can exist, as solids, liquids or gases
Compounds
Three types of chemical bonds
Ionic covalent and polar covalent
Chemical
Forms complex molecules from simple molecules
Anabolism
Chemical reaction
Breaks down complex compound
Catabolism
Proteins that speed up chemical reactions, but not consumed or altered in the process
Enzymes
Acidity or alkalinity of a solution is measured in
PH
“Little organs”
The basic structures found in cells
Organelles
Layers of collagen and elastin fibers of fibers are aligned in a different direction and each
Fascia
