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BIO 446L > The Cell > Flashcards

The Cell Flashcards

1
Q

Plasma Membrane structure

A

Phospholipid bilayer containing cholesterol and
proteins (integral and peripheral) and some
carbohydrates (externally); forms a selectively
permeable boundary of the cell

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2
Q

Cilia structure

A

Short, numerous membrane extensions
supported by microtubules, which occur on
exposed membrane surfaces of some cells

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3
Q

Flagellum structure

A

Long, singular membrane extension supported
by microtubules; present on sperm cells

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4
Q

Microvilli structure

A

Numerous thin membrane folds projecting from
the free cell surface; supported by
microfilaments

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5
Q

Nucleus structure

A

Large structure enclosed within a double
membrane; contains chromatin, nucleolus, and
nucleoplasm

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6
Q

Nuclear envelope structure

A

Double membrane boundary between cytoplasm
and nuclear contents; continuous with rough
endoplasmic reticulum

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7
Q

Nuclear Pores structure

A

Openings through the nuclear envelope

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8
Q

Nucleolus structure

A

Large, prominent structure within the nucleus

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9
Q

Cytoplasm structure

A

Contents of cells between the plasma
membrane and nuclear envelope

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10
Q

Cytosol structure

A

Viscous fluid medium with dissolved solutes

(eg, ions, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids)

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11
Q

Organelles structures

A

Membrane-bound and nonmembrane bound structures

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12
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER) structure

A

Extensive interconnected membrane
network that varies in shape (eg, cisternae,
tubules); ribosomes attached on
cytoplasmic surface

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13
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER) structure

A

Extensive interconnected membrane
network lacking ribosomes

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14
Q

Golgi apparatus structure

A

Series of several elongated, flattened
saclike membranous structures

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15
Q

Vesicles structure

A

Spherical-shaped membrane-bound sacs;
contain various types of materials to be
transported through the cell.

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16
Q

Lysosomes structure

A

Spherical-shaped membrane-bound
organelles formed from the Golgi
apparatus; contain digestive enzymes

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17
Q

Peroxisomes structure

A

Smaller, spherical-shaped membrane bound organelles formed from the ER or through fission; contain oxidative enzymes produced by ribosomes

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18
Q

Mitochondria structure

A

Double membrane-bound organelles
containing a circular strand of DNA (genes
for producing mitochondrial proteins)

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19
Q

Ribosomes structure

A

Organelles composed of both protein and
ribosomal RNA (rRNA) that are organized
into both a large and small subunit; may be
bound to a membrane or free in cytosol

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20
Q

Cytoskeleton components

A

Actin microfilaments, Intermediate filaments, Microtubules

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21
Q

Cytoskeleton structure

A

Organized network of protein filaments and
hollow tubules, including microfilaments,
intermediate filaments, and microtubules

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22
Q

Microfilaments structure

A

Actin protein monomers organized into two
thin, intertwined protein filaments (actin
filaments)

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23
Q

Intermediate filaments structure

A

Various protein components

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24
Q

Microtubules structure

A

Hollow cylinders composed of tubulin
protein

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25
Q

Centrosomes structure

A

Amorphous region adjacent to nucleus;
contains a pair of centrioles

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26
Q

Proteasomes structure

A

Large, barrel-shaped protein complexes not associated with any membrane located in both the cytosol and nucleus

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27
Q

Inclusions structure

A

Aggregates of specific types of molecules

(eg, melanin protein, glycogen, or lipid)

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28
Q

Plasma Membrane function

A

Acts as a physical barrier to
enclose cell contents; regulates
material movement into and out of
the cell; establishes and maintains
an electrical charge difference
across the plasma membrane;
functions in cell communication

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29
Q

Cilia function

A

Move substances (eg, mucus and
dissolved materials) over the cell
surface

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30
Q

Flagellum function

A

Propels sperm

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31
Q

Microvilli function

A

Increase membrane surface area
for greater absorption

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32
Q

Nucleus function

A

Houses the DNA that serves as the
genetic material for directing
protein synthesis

Cellular regulation and Production of ribosomal subunits

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33
Q

Nuclear envelope function

A

Separates nucleus from cytoplasm

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34
Q

Nuclear Pores function

A

Allow passage of materials between the
cytoplasm and nucleoplasm, including
ribonucleic acid (RNA), protein, ions,
and small water-soluble molecules

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35
Q

Nucleolus function

A

Functions in synthesis of ribosomes

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36
Q

Cytoplasm function

A

Responsible for many cellular processes

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37
Q

Cytosol function

A

Provides support for organelles; serves as the
viscous fluid medium through which diffusion
occurs

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38
Q

Organelles function

A

Carry out specific metabolic activities of the
cell

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39
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER) function

A

Modifies, transports, and stores proteins
produced by attached ribosomes; these
proteins are secreted, become components of
the plasma membrane, or serve as enzymes of
lysosomes

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40
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER) function

A

Synthesizes phospholipids, detoxification of alcohol and drugs, and controlled release of Ca++ which is important in muscle cells.

transports and stores lipids (eg. steroids); metabolizes carbohydrates;
detoxifies drugs, alcohol, and poisons; forms vesicles and peroxisomes

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41
Q

Golgi apparatus function

A

Modifies, packages, and sorts materials that
arrive from the ER in transport vesicles; forms
secretory vesicles and lysosomes

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42
Q

Vesicles function

A

Transport cellular material

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43
Q

Lysosomes function

A

Digest microbes or materials (eg, ingested by
the cell, worn-out cellular components, or the
entire cell)

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44
Q

Peroxisomes function

A

Spherical organelles that carry enzymes, produced by ribosomes, that produce and break down H2O2. The H2O2 is used to destroy toxic molecules.

Detoxify specific harmful substances either
produced by the cell or taken into the cell;
engage in beta oxidation of fatty acids to
acetyl CoA

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45
Q

Mitochondria function

A

Synthesize most ATP during aerobic cellular
respiration by digestion of fuel molecules (eg,
glucose) in the presence of oxygen

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46
Q

Ribosomes function

A

Engage in protein synthesis: Bound ribosomes
produce proteins that are secreted,
incorporated into plasma membrane, and
within lysosomes; free ribosomes produce
proteins used within the cell

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47
Q

Cytoskeleton function

A

Maintains intracellular structural support
and organization of cells; participates in cell
division; facilitates movement

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48
Q

Microfilaments function

A

Maintain cell shape; support microvilli;
separate two cells during cytokinesis (a
process of cell division); facilitate change in
cell shape; participate in muscle contraction

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49
Q

Intermediate filaments function

A

Provide structural support; stabilize
junctions between cells

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50
Q

Microtubules function

A

Maintain cell shape and rigidity; organize
and move organelles; support cilia and
flagella; participate in vesicular transport;
separate chromosomes during the process
of cell division

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51
Q

Centrosomes function

A

Organizes microtubules; participates in
mitotic spindle formation during cell division

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52
Q

Proteasomes function

A

Small protein complexes that are not associated with any membrane. Unlike lysosomes, they digest individual molecules.

Degrade and digest damaged or unneeded
proteins; ensure quality of exported proteins

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53
Q

Inclusions function

A

Serve as temporary storage for specific types of molecules (eg. melanin protein, glycogen, or lipid)

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54
Q

Two major lipids

A

Phospholipid (various types) and Cholesterol

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55
Q

What are lipids?

A

Lipids are biomolecules of C, H, and O that are soluble in nonpolar solvents. They are hydrophobic.

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56
Q

Simple lipids

A

Fatty acids

Waxes

Glycerides (glycerol + fatty acids)

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57
Q

Compound lipids

A

Phospholipids (glycerol + fatty acids + PO4)

Glycolipids

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58
Q

Derived lipids

A

Sterols
Steroids
Carotenoids

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59
Q

What are fats?

A

A fat is an ester of fatty acids

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60
Q

What is a fatty acid?

A

A carboxylic acid with a linear (unbranched) chain

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61
Q

How do small molecules cross the plasma membrane?

A

Diffusion
Osmosis
Channels
Protein carriers
Pumps

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62
Q

How do large molecules cross the plasma membrane?

A

Exocytosis: moving from inside to outside of the cell
Ex: Release of neurotransmitter by nerve cells

Endocytosis: moving from outside the cell to inside the cell
(Three types: Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis, and Receptor-mediated endocytosis)

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63
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Type of endocytosis in which vesicles are formed as particulate materials external to the cell are engulfed by pseudopodia

Ex: White blood cell engulfing bacterium

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64
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Type of endocytosis in which vesicles are formed as interstitial fluid is taken up by the cell

Ex: Formation of small vesicles in capillary wall to move substances

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65
Q

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

Type of endocytosis in which plasma membrane receptors first bind specific substances; receptor and bound substance then taken up by the cell

Ex: Uptake of cholesterol (LDL) into cells, mediated by atorvastatin (statin drug)

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66
Q

Endocrine signaling

A

In endocrine signaling, the signal molecules (here called hormones) are carried in the blood from their sources to target cells throughout the body.

67
Q

Paracrine signaling

A

In paracrine signaling, the chemical ligand diffuses in extracellular fluid but is rapidly metabolized so that its effect is only local on target cells near its source.

68
Q

Synaptic signaling

A

In synaptic signaling, a special kind of paracrine interaction, neurotransmitters act on adjacent cells through special contact areas called synapses.

69
Q

Autocrine signaling

A

In autocrine signaling, signals bind receptors on the same cells that produced the messenger molecule.

Cell is communicating with itself

70
Q

Juxtacrine signaling

A

In juxtacrine signaling, important in embryonic tissues, the signaling molecules are cell membrane–bound proteins which bind to surface receptors of the target cell when the two cells make direct physical contact.

71
Q

Ligands

A

Binding receptors in a cell membrane

72
Q

Secretory Granules

A

Vesicles produced by the Golgi apparatus, which carry and store a variety of concentrated enzymes or other products until they are released by exocytosis

73
Q

Chromatin

A

Consists of DNA and proteins, and is partitioned into 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans

74
Q

Nucleolus

A

a very basophilic localized area of chromatin; it is where ribosomal subunit assembly occurs

75
Q

Mitosis

A

Adds and replaces identical cells

(Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase/Telophase)

76
Q

Meiosis

A

Produces haploid cells with new genetic combinations; gene set rearranged by crossing over and recombination

77
Q

The cytoskeletal component that enables endocytosis by shaping the cell membrane is

A

Actin microfilaments

78
Q

What component of the cytoskeleton moves organelles and vesicles around within the cytoplasm?

A

Microtubules

79
Q

Receptors embedded in the cell membrane are a type of

A

Integral proteins

80
Q

The release of neurotransmitters at the synaptic cleft is an example of

A

Exocytosis

81
Q

Which of organelle divides to form new copies of itself?

A

Mitochondria

82
Q

Tay-Sachs disease is due to

A

The absence of an lysosomal enzyme (because of a defective protein) that breaks down fatty substances in the nervous system, leading to toxicity.

83
Q

Which of these initiates concentration and storage of secretory products into secretory granules?

A

Golgi apparatus

84
Q

The mechanism by which a bacterium is brought into a cell is called

A

Phagocytosis

85
Q

What process brings extracellular fluid into the cell?

A

Pinocytosis

86
Q

Which are small protein complexes that digest individual molecules and act as a type of quality control in the cell?

A

Proteasomes

87
Q

Pseudohypoparathyroidism and one type of dwarfism is caused by a

A

Defective parathyroid and growth hormone receptors, respectively

88
Q

Vesicles carry proteins from the RER to the ______________ to complete posttranslational modifications.

A

Golgi apparatus

89
Q

Reversed prompt

Phospholipid bilayer containing cholesterol and
proteins (integral and peripheral) and some
carbohydrates (externally); forms a selectively
permeable boundary of the cell

A

Plasma Membrane structure

90
Q

Reversed prompt

Short, numerous membrane extensions
supported by microtubules, which occur on
exposed membrane surfaces of some cells

A

Cilia structure

91
Q

Reversed prompt

Long, singular membrane extension supported
by microtubules; present on sperm cells

A

Flagellum structure

92
Q

Reversed prompt

Numerous thin membrane folds projecting from
the free cell surface; supported by
microfilaments

A

Microvilli structure

93
Q

Reversed prompt

Large structure enclosed within a double
membrane; contains chromatin, nucleolus, and
nucleoplasm

A

Nucleus structure

94
Q

Reversed prompt

Double membrane boundary between cytoplasm
and nuclear contents; continuous with rough
endoplasmic reticulum

A

Nuclear envelope structure

95
Q

Reversed prompt

Openings through the nuclear envelope

A

Nuclear Pores structure

96
Q

Reversed prompt

Large, prominent structure within the nucleus

A

Nucleolus structure

97
Q

Reversed prompt

Contents of cells between the plasma
membrane and nuclear envelope

A

Cytoplasm structure

98
Q

Reversed prompt

Viscous fluid medium with dissolved solutes

(eg, ions, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids)

A

Cytosol structure

99
Q

Reversed prompt

Membrane-bound and nonmembrane bound structures

A

Organelles structures

100
Q

Reversed prompt

Extensive interconnected membrane
network that varies in shape (eg, cisternae,
tubules); ribosomes attached on
cytoplasmic surface

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER) structure

101
Q

Reversed prompt

Extensive interconnected membrane
network lacking ribosomes

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER) structure

102
Q

Reversed prompt

Series of several elongated, flattened
saclike membranous structures

A

Golgi apparatus structure

103
Q

Reversed prompt

Spherical-shaped membrane-bound sacs;
contain various types of materials to be
transported through the cell.

A

Vesicles structure

104
Q

Reversed prompt

Spherical-shaped membrane-bound
organelles formed from the Golgi
apparatus; contain digestive enzymes

A

Lysosomes structure

105
Q

Reversed prompt

Smaller, spherical-shaped membrane bound organelles formed from the ER or through fission; contain oxidative enzymes produced by ribosomes

A

Peroxisomes structure

106
Q

Reversed prompt

Double membrane-bound organelles
containing a circular strand of DNA (genes
for producing mitochondrial proteins)

A

Mitochondria structure

107
Q

Reversed prompt

Organelles composed of both protein and
ribosomal RNA (rRNA) that are organized
into both a large and small subunit; may be
bound to a membrane or free in cytosol

A

Ribosomes structure

108
Q

Reversed prompt

Actin microfilaments, Intermediate filaments, Microtubules

A

Cytoskeleton components

109
Q

Reversed prompt

Organized network of protein filaments and
hollow tubules, including microfilaments,
intermediate filaments, and microtubules

A

Cytoskeleton structure

110
Q

Reversed prompt

Actin protein monomers organized into two
thin, intertwined protein filaments (actin
filaments)

A

Microfilaments structure

111
Q

Reversed prompt

Various protein components

A

Intermediate filaments structure

112
Q

Reversed prompt

Hollow cylinders composed of tubulin
protein

A

Microtubules structure

113
Q

Reversed prompt

Amorphous region adjacent to nucleus;
contains a pair of centrioles

A

Centrosomes structure

114
Q

Reversed prompt

Large, barrel-shaped protein complexes not associated with any membrane located in both the cytosol and nucleus

A

Proteasomes structure

115
Q

Reversed prompt

Aggregates of specific types of molecules

(eg, melanin protein, glycogen, or lipid)

A

Inclusions structure

116
Q

Reversed prompt

Acts as a physical barrier to
enclose cell contents; regulates
material movement into and out of
the cell; establishes and maintains
an electrical charge difference
across the plasma membrane;
functions in cell communication

A

Plasma Membrane function

117
Q

Reversed prompt

Move substances (eg, mucus and
dissolved materials) over the cell
surface

A

Cilia function

118
Q

Reversed prompt

Propels sperm

A

Flagellum function

119
Q

Reversed prompt

Increase membrane surface area
for greater absorption

A

Microvilli function

120
Q

Reversed prompt

Houses the DNA that serves as the
genetic material for directing
protein synthesis

Cellular regulation and Production of ribosomal subunits

A

Nucleus function

121
Q

Reversed prompt

Separates nucleus from cytoplasm

A

Nuclear envelope function

122
Q

Reversed prompt

Allow passage of materials between the
cytoplasm and nucleoplasm, including
ribonucleic acid (RNA), protein, ions,
and small water-soluble molecules

A

Nuclear Pores function

123
Q

Reversed prompt

Functions in synthesis of ribosomes

A

Nucleolus function

124
Q

Reversed prompt

Responsible for many cellular processes

A

Cytoplasm function

125
Q

Reversed prompt

Provides support for organelles; serves as the
viscous fluid medium through which diffusion
occurs

A

Cytosol function

126
Q

Reversed prompt

Carry out specific metabolic activities of the
cell

A

Organelles function

127
Q

Reversed prompt

Modifies, transports, and stores proteins
produced by attached ribosomes; these
proteins are secreted, become components of
the plasma membrane, or serve as enzymes of
lysosomes

A

Rough endoplasmic
reticulum (rough ER) function

128
Q

Reversed prompt

Synthesizes phospholipids, detoxification of alcohol and drugs, and controlled release of Ca++ which is important in muscle cells.

transports and stores lipids (eg. steroids); metabolizes carbohydrates;
detoxifies drugs, alcohol, and poisons; forms vesicles and peroxisomes

A

Smooth endoplasmic
reticulum (smooth
ER) function

129
Q

Reversed prompt

Modifies, packages, and sorts materials that
arrive from the ER in transport vesicles; forms
secretory vesicles and lysosomes

A

Golgi apparatus function

130
Q

Reversed prompt

Transport cellular material

A

Vesicles function

131
Q

Reversed prompt

Digest microbes or materials (eg, ingested by
the cell, worn-out cellular components, or the
entire cell)

A

Lysosomes function

132
Q

Reversed prompt

Spherical organelles that carry enzymes, produced by ribosomes, that produce and break down H2O2. The H2O2 is used to destroy toxic molecules.

Detoxify specific harmful substances either
produced by the cell or taken into the cell;
engage in beta oxidation of fatty acids to
acetyl CoA

A

Peroxisomes function

133
Q

Reversed prompt

Synthesize most ATP during aerobic cellular
respiration by digestion of fuel molecules (eg,
glucose) in the presence of oxygen

A

Mitochondria function

134
Q

Reversed prompt

Engage in protein synthesis: Bound ribosomes
produce proteins that are secreted,
incorporated into plasma membrane, and
within lysosomes; free ribosomes produce
proteins used within the cell

A

Ribosomes function

135
Q

Reversed prompt

Maintains intracellular structural support
and organization of cells; participates in cell
division; facilitates movement

A

Cytoskeleton function

136
Q

Reversed prompt

Maintain cell shape; support microvilli;
separate two cells during cytokinesis (a
process of cell division); facilitate change in
cell shape; participate in muscle contraction

A

Microfilaments function

137
Q

Reversed prompt

Provide structural support; stabilize
junctions between cells

A

Intermediate filaments function

138
Q

Reversed prompt

Maintain cell shape and rigidity; organize
and move organelles; support cilia and
flagella; participate in vesicular transport;
separate chromosomes during the process
of cell division

A

Microtubules function

139
Q

Reversed prompt

Organizes microtubules; participates in
mitotic spindle formation during cell division

A

Centrosomes function

140
Q

Reversed prompt

Small protein complexes that are not associated with any membrane. Unlike lysosomes, they digest individual molecules.

Degrade and digest damaged or unneeded
proteins; ensure quality of exported proteins

A

Proteasomes function

141
Q

Reversed prompt

Serve as temporary storage for specific types of molecules (eg. melanin protein, glycogen, or lipid)

A

Inclusions function

142
Q

Reversed prompt

Phospholipid (various types) and Cholesterol

A

Two major lipids

143
Q

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Lipids are biomolecules of C, H, and O that are soluble in nonpolar solvents. They are hydrophobic.

A

What are lipids?

144
Q

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Fatty acids

Waxes

Glycerides (glycerol + fatty acids)

A

Simple lipids

145
Q

Reversed prompt

Phospholipids (glycerol + fatty acids + PO4)

Glycolipids

A

Compound lipids

146
Q

Reversed prompt

Sterols
Steroids
Carotenoids

A

Derived lipids

147
Q

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A fat is an ester of fatty acids

A

What are fats?

148
Q

Reversed prompt

A carboxylic acid with a linear (unbranched) chain

A

What is a fatty acid?

149
Q

Reversed prompt

Diffusion
Osmosis
Channels
Protein carriers
Pumps

A

How do small molecules cross the plasma membrane?

150
Q

Reversed prompt

Exocytosis: moving from inside to outside of the cell
Ex: Release of neurotransmitter by nerve cells

Endocytosis: moving from outside the cell to inside the cell
(Three types: Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis, and Receptor-mediated endocytosis)

A

How do large molecules cross the plasma membrane?

151
Q

Reversed prompt

Type of endocytosis in which vesicles are formed as particulate materials external to the cell are engulfed by pseudopodia

Ex: White blood cell engulfing bacterium

A

Phagocytosis

152
Q

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Type of endocytosis in which vesicles are formed as interstitial fluid is taken up by the cell

Ex: Formation of small vesicles in capillary wall to move substances

A

Pinocytosis

153
Q

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Type of endocytosis in which plasma membrane receptors first bind specific substances; receptor and bound substance then taken up by the cell

Ex: Uptake of cholesterol (LDL) into cells, mediated by atorvastatin (statin drug)

A

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

154
Q

Reversed prompt

In endocrine signaling, the signal molecules (here called hormones) are carried in the blood from their sources to target cells throughout the body.

A

Endocrine signaling

155
Q

Reversed prompt

In paracrine signaling, the chemical ligand diffuses in extracellular fluid but is rapidly metabolized so that its effect is only local on target cells near its source.

A

Paracrine signaling

156
Q

Reversed prompt

In synaptic signaling, a special kind of paracrine interaction, neurotransmitters act on adjacent cells through special contact areas called synapses.

A

Synaptic signaling

157
Q

Reversed prompt

In autocrine signaling, signals bind receptors on the same cells that produced the messenger molecule.

Cell is communicating with itself

A

Autocrine signaling

158
Q

Reversed prompt

In juxtacrine signaling, important in embryonic tissues, the signaling molecules are cell membrane–bound proteins which bind to surface receptors of the target cell when the two cells make direct physical contact.

A

Juxtacrine signaling

159
Q

Reversed prompt

Binding receptors in a cell membrane

160
Q

Reversed prompt

Vesicles produced by the Golgi apparatus, which carry and store a variety of concentrated enzymes or other products until they are released by exocytosis

A

Secretory Granules

161
Q

Reversed prompt

Consists of DNA and proteins, and is partitioned into 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans

162
Q

Reversed prompt

a very basophilic localized area of chromatin; it is where ribosomal subunit assembly occurs

163
Q

Reversed prompt

Adds and replaces identical cells

(Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase/Telophase)

164
Q

Reversed prompt

Produces haploid cells with new genetic combinations; gene set rearranged by crossing over and recombination

BIO 446L (22 decks)

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