Blood Flashcards
Functions of blood
Transportation of O2 and CO2.
Nutrients are distributed
Metabolic residues are collected and removed via excretory organs
Hormone distribution
Heat distribution and regulation of body temperature.
Maintenance of acid-base and osmotic balance.
Blood
Specialized connective tissue
Two components: Cells and extracellular fluid
(plasma).
Five liters of blood in an average adult.
“Formed” elements, circulating in the plasma:
Erythrocytes (red blood cells, RBCs)
Leukocytes (white blood cells, WBCs)
Thrombocytes (platelets)
Bone marrow
Found in the medullary canals of long
bones and in the small cavities of cancellous bone.
Blood cells are made in bone marrow
Red bone marrow and yellow bone marrow
Red bone marrow
whose color is produced by an abundance of
blood and hemopoietic cells
Contains reticular connective tissue, hemopoietic cords or islands of cells, and sinusoidal capillaries.
Yellow bone marrow
Is filled with adipocytes but not hemopoietic cells.
In the newborn all bone marrow is red, but as the child grows, most marrow changes to the yellow variety.
Serum
Contains proteins released from platelets during clot
formation, and has very different properties than plasma.
RBCs or Erythrocytes
Erythrocytes is 44% of blood volume; this value is called the hematocrit.
The cytoplasm lacks all organelles but is filled with
hemoglobin, the O2-carrying protein.
Buffy coat
Between the sedimented erythrocytes and the
supernatant light-colored plasma is a thin layer of leukocytes and platelets called the buffy coat. It is <1% of whole blood.
Plasma
Plasma is 55% of whole blood.
92% of plasma is water.
7% is a mixture of proteins.
1% is other substances such as electrolytes, nutrients, etc
The major proteins are:
Albumin
Globulins (α- and β-globulins)
Immunoglobulins (antibodies or γ-globulins)
Fibrinogen
Complement proteins
Albumin
The most abundant; it maintains the osmotic
pressure of the blood.
Globulins (α- and β-globulins)
Act as enzymes and
transporters of other proteins.
Immunoglobulins (antibodies or γ-globulins)
Secreted by plasma cells.
Fibrinogen
It polymerizes as insoluble fibrin fibers that clots
blood, blocking blood loss.
Complement proteins
These are a defensive system for inflammation and destruction of microorganisms.
Heparin
A naturally occurring anticoagulant produced by
basophils and mast cells.
Anemia
A concentration of erythrocytes below normal;
the tissues are unable to receive adequate O2.
Erythrocytosis or Polycythemia
an increased concentration of erythrocytes in blood. It is sometimes a physiologic adaptation in individuals who live at high altitudes, where O2 tension is low. Elevated hematocrit
increases blood viscosity, straining the heart, and
possibly impairing circulation through the capillaries.
Leukocytes
Leave the blood and migrate to tissues
where they become functional and perform activities related to immunity.
Two major groups, granulocytes and agranulocytes, based on density of their
cytoplasmic granules.
Granulocytes
Have polymorphic nuclei with two or more distinct (almost separated) lobes. They have two major types of cytoplasmic granules: lysosomes (azurophilic granules in blood cells) and specific granules that bind to various stains and have specific functions.
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils
Agranulocytes
Lack specific granules, but contain lysosomes. The nucleus is spherical or indented but not lobulated.
Lymphocytes, Monocytes
Neutrophils
A type of granulocyte
Mature neutrophils are the most common WBCs
(50%-70% of circulating leukocytes).
Usually the first WBCs to arrive at sites of infection where they actively pursue bacterial cells and phagocytize the invaders or their debris.
Pus
Dying neutrophils, bacteria, semi digested material, and
tissue-fluid form a viscous, usually yellow collection of fluid called pus.
Eosinophils
A type of granulocyte
Eosinophils have a characteristic bilobed nucleus.
They constitute only 1-4% of leukocytes.
Eosinophils are important in the inflammatory response
triggered by allergies.
These cells produce substances that may
reduce inflammation by inactivating substances such as histamine.
Basophils
A type of granulocyte
By migrating into connective tissues, basophils appear to assist mast cells.
Lymphocytes
The most numerous agranulocyte
Lymphocytes are typically the smallest leukocytes.
Major classes are B lymphocytes, helper and cytotoxic T lymphocytes, and natural killer (NK) cells.
They have roles in immune defenses against invading
microorganisms, certain parasites, or abnormal cells.
T lymphocytes, unlike B cells and all other circulating leukocytes, differentiate outside the bone marrow in the
thymus.
Lymphomas
Are a family of blood cancers involving neoplastic proliferation of
lymphocytes or the failure of these cells to undergo cell death (apoptosis).
Monocytes
A type of agranulocyte
Precursor cells of macrophages, osteoclasts, microglia, and other cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system in connective tissue.
All monocyte-derived cells are important in immune
defense of tissues as antigen-presenting cells
Platelets (thrombocytes)
Promote blood clotting and help repair minor
tears or leaks in the walls of small blood vessels, preventing loss of blood
from the microvasculature. This is the general process of hemostasis.
They originate from giant polyploid bone marrow cells called
megakaryocytes.
Role of platelets in controlling blood loss
Primary aggregation: Disruptions in the microvascular endothelium, which are very common, allow the platelet to adhere to collagen in the vascular basal lamina or wall. Thus, a platelet plug is formed.
Secondary aggregation: The platelet plug enlarges.
Blood coagulation: Fibrinogen from plasma forms a network of fibers trapping red blood cells and more platelets to form a blood clot, or thrombus.
Clot retraction: The clot that initially bulges into the blood vessel lumen contracts slightly.
Clot removal: Protected by the clot, the endothelium is restored by new tissue, and
the clot is then dissolved by enzymes.
Aspirin
Aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) inhibit platelet function and blood coagulation because they block the synthesis of thromboxane, a signaling molecule that is needed for platelet aggregation during clotting.
How many liters of blood are in the average adult?
5 liters
What are the functions of albumin, the most common protein in blood plasma?
Contributes to blood’s viscosity.
Maintains fluid within capillaries by osmotic pressure
A hematocrit reading below the normal range signifies
Anemia
Basophilic cells stained with a basic dye usually have nuclei that are
Blue or bluish purple
Which type of WBC is a precursor of osteoclasts?
Monocytes
Which one of these WBCs phagocytizes bacteria?
Neutrophils
Reversed prompt
Transportation of O2 and CO2.
Nutrients are distributed
Metabolic residues are collected and removed via excretory organs
Hormone distribution
Heat distribution and regulation of body temperature.
Maintenance of acid-base and osmotic balance.
Functions of blood
Reversed prompt
Specialized connective tissue
Two components: Cells and extracellular fluid
(plasma).
Five liters of blood in an average adult.
“Formed” elements, circulating in the plasma:
Erythrocytes (red blood cells, RBCs)
Leukocytes (white blood cells, WBCs)
Thrombocytes (platelets)
Blood
Reversed prompt
Found in the medullary canals of long
bones and in the small cavities of cancellous bone.
Blood cells are made in bone marrow
Red bone marrow and yellow bone marrow
Bone marrow
Reversed prompt
whose color is produced by an abundance of
blood and hemopoietic cells
Contains reticular connective tissue, hemopoietic cords or islands of cells, and sinusoidal capillaries.
Red bone marrow
Reversed prompt
Is filled with adipocytes but not hemopoietic cells.
In the newborn all bone marrow is red, but as the child grows, most marrow changes to the yellow variety.
Yellow bone marrow
Reversed prompt
Contains proteins released from platelets during clot
formation, and has very different properties than plasma.
Serum
Reversed prompt
Erythrocytes is 44% of blood volume; this value is called the hematocrit.
The cytoplasm lacks all organelles but is filled with
hemoglobin, the O2-carrying protein.
RBCs or Erythrocytes
Reversed prompt
Between the sedimented erythrocytes and the
supernatant light-colored plasma is a thin layer of leukocytes and platelets called the buffy coat. It is <1% of whole blood.
Buffy coat
Reversed prompt
Plasma is 55% of whole blood.
92% of plasma is water.
7% is a mixture of proteins.
1% is other substances such as electrolytes, nutrients, etc
The major proteins are:
Albumin
Globulins (α- and β-globulins)
Immunoglobulins (antibodies or γ-globulins)
Fibrinogen
Complement proteins
Plasma
Reversed prompt
The most abundant; it maintains the osmotic
pressure of the blood.
Albumin
Reversed prompt
Act as enzymes and
transporters of other proteins.
Globulins (α- and β-globulins)
Reversed prompt
Secreted by plasma cells.
Immunoglobulins (antibodies or γ-globulins)
Reversed prompt
It polymerizes as insoluble fibrin fibers that clots
blood, blocking blood loss.
Fibrinogen
Reversed prompt
These are a defensive system for inflammation and destruction of microorganisms.
Complement proteins
Reversed prompt
A naturally occurring anticoagulant produced by
basophils and mast cells.
Heparin
Reversed prompt
A concentration of erythrocytes below normal;
the tissues are unable to receive adequate O2.
Anemia
Reversed prompt
an increased concentration of erythrocytes in blood. It is sometimes a physiologic adaptation in individuals who live at high altitudes, where O2 tension is low. Elevated hematocrit
increases blood viscosity, straining the heart, and
possibly impairing circulation through the capillaries.
Erythrocytosis or Polycythemia
Reversed prompt
Leave the blood and migrate to tissues
where they become functional and perform activities related to immunity.
Two major groups, granulocytes and agranulocytes, based on density of their
cytoplasmic granules.
Leukocytes
Reversed prompt
Have polymorphic nuclei with two or more distinct (almost separated) lobes. They have two major types of cytoplasmic granules: lysosomes (azurophilic granules in blood cells) and specific granules that bind to various stains and have specific functions.
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils
Granulocytes
Reversed prompt
Lack specific granules, but contain lysosomes. The nucleus is spherical or indented but not lobulated.
Lymphocytes, Monocytes
Agranulocytes
Reversed prompt
A type of granulocyte
Mature neutrophils are the most common WBCs
(50%-70% of circulating leukocytes).
Usually the first WBCs to arrive at sites of infection where they actively pursue bacterial cells and phagocytize the invaders or their debris.
Neutrophils
Reversed prompt
Dying neutrophils, bacteria, semi digested material, and
tissue-fluid form a viscous, usually yellow collection of fluid called pus.
Pus
Reversed prompt
A type of granulocyte
Eosinophils have a characteristic bilobed nucleus.
They constitute only 1-4% of leukocytes.
Eosinophils are important in the inflammatory response
triggered by allergies.
These cells produce substances that may
reduce inflammation by inactivating substances such as histamine.
Eosinophils
Reversed prompt
A type of granulocyte
By migrating into connective tissues, basophils appear to assist mast cells.
Basophils
Reversed prompt
The most numerous agranulocyte
Lymphocytes are typically the smallest leukocytes.
Major classes are B lymphocytes, helper and cytotoxic T lymphocytes, and natural killer (NK) cells.
They have roles in immune defenses against invading
microorganisms, certain parasites, or abnormal cells.
T lymphocytes, unlike B cells and all other circulating leukocytes, differentiate outside the bone marrow in the
thymus.
Lymphocytes
Reversed prompt
Are a family of blood cancers involving neoplastic proliferation of
lymphocytes or the failure of these cells to undergo cell death (apoptosis).
Lymphomas
Reversed prompt
A type of agranulocyte
Precursor cells of macrophages, osteoclasts, microglia, and other cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system in connective tissue.
All monocyte-derived cells are important in immune
defense of tissues as antigen-presenting cells
Monocytes
Reversed prompt
Promote blood clotting and help repair minor
tears or leaks in the walls of small blood vessels, preventing loss of blood
from the microvasculature. This is the general process of hemostasis.
They originate from giant polyploid bone marrow cells called
megakaryocytes.
Platelets (thrombocytes)
Reversed prompt
Primary aggregation: Disruptions in the microvascular endothelium, which are very common, allow the platelet to adhere to collagen in the vascular basal lamina or wall. Thus, a platelet plug is formed.
Secondary aggregation: The platelet plug enlarges.
Blood coagulation: Fibrinogen from plasma forms a network of fibers trapping red blood cells and more platelets to form a blood clot, or thrombus.
Clot retraction: The clot that initially bulges into the blood vessel lumen contracts slightly.
Clot removal: Protected by the clot, the endothelium is restored by new tissue, and
the clot is then dissolved by enzymes.
Role of platelets in controlling blood loss
Reversed prompt
Aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) inhibit platelet function and blood coagulation because they block the synthesis of thromboxane, a signaling molecule that is needed for platelet aggregation during clotting.
Aspirin
